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Western European hedgehog’s (Erinaceus europaeus) head arteries
Abstract The Western European Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is a small, nocturnal, insectivorous mammal native to Europe. The aim of the study was to describe the arterial supply to the head of the Western European hedgehog in detail and compare it with known vascular patterns found in mammals. In the study, 30 specimens of adult Western European hedgehogs were used. Three different angiological techniques were used to obtain the full image of arterial vascularization of the head in the described species - latex preparation, corrosion cast and contrast-enhanced cone-beam computed tomography. The last of them is a method also used in veterinary practice, which makes the description useful not only to anatomists, but also veterinary clinicians. The most important features of the study are: the species has an interesting, individually specific course of the stapedial artery, in which two different variants have been found. In one of them the vessel provides blood as far as the orbit, but in the other one ends at the temporal region; the auricular region is supplied by branches from the superficial cervical artery; there is no maxillary artery; the occipital artery originates from the internal carotid artery. The results of this work may contribute to establishing new veterinary protocols for the species that is declining in number in many countries and is treated by veterinarians in wildlife rehabilitation centers. It may be also used by clinicians who work with other species of hedgehogs kept as pets.
Cerebral Vascularization and the Remaining Area Supply of the Internal Carotid Artery Derivatives of the Red Kangaroo (Osphranter rufus)
The red kangaroo (Osphranter rufus) is a member of Macropidideae superfamily. It is one of the four kangaroo species living nowadays, and it is the biggest one. It is native to Australia, where it is an abundant species living across the whole continent in stable populations. Outside its natural habit, the red kangaroo is a common species found in zoos and as patients in wildlife rehabilitation centers. Reports on kangaroo anatomy are scarce. Describing detailed anatomy is a base for establishing diagnostic and treatment protocols for different species of animals. Cardiovascular diseases and pathological changes suggestive of hypertension have been previously described in kangaroos. This creates a necessity for detailed studies on species’ vascular anatomy. New reports in the field of detailed vascular anatomy can bring considerable information that complements numerous studies on the evolution or biology of individual species. In this article, we describe the arterial vascularization of the brain and nearby regions of the cranial cavity using various anatomical techniques. The vascularization of the brain is discussed and compared with different mammalian species.
Arterial Blood Supply to the Cerebral Arterial Circle in the Selected Species of Carnivora Order from Poland
Carnivores are a wide, diverse group of mammals whose representatives live all over the world. The study presents the results of the analysis of the arterial vascularization of the blood supply to the cerebral arterial circle of selected species in the Caniformia suborder living in Poland. The selected group consists of wild and farm animals—105 animals in total. Three different methods were used—latex preparation, corrosion cast, and cone-beam computed tomography angiography. The main source of blood for encephalon in the described species is the internal carotid artery, and the second one is the vertebral artery. The results were discussed in relation to the current knowledge of this field of research. Information on the potential physiological meaning of such vascular pattern has been provided.
Strategies of vascularization of the ethmoid labyrinth in selected even‐toed ungulates (Artiodactyla) and carnivores (Carnivora)
AbstractThe anatomy of the nasal cavity and its structures, as well as other elements building a scaffold for olfactory organs, differs significantly among various groups of mammals. Understanding anatomical conditions of quality of olfaction are being studied worldwide and is a complex problem. Among many studies regarding bone and epithelial structures of turbinates and connected anatomical structures, few studies describe the vascularization of turbinates. Ethmoid turbinates are above all covered in olfactory epithelium containing branched axons that receive olfactory stimuli and as olfactory nerves penetrate the cribriform lamina of the ethmoid bone conveying information from smell receptors to the brain. Differences in vascularization of the cribriform plate and turbinates may add crucial information complementing studies regarding the olfactory organ's bone and soft tissue structures. In the study, we describe the vascularization of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone of 54 Artiodactyla and Carnivora.