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Variability of Structure, Volume, Carbon Sequestration, and Growth–Climate Responses of Fir, Yew, Spruce, Pine and Larch Under Global Climate Change
Global climate change is reshaping Central European conifer forests, affecting growth and ecosystem dynamics. At the same time, tree species differ in their productivity and responses to climatic conditions. Across mid-elevation monocultures of European yew (Taxus baccata L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.), we quantified stand structure, volume, biomass carbon sequestration, and growth–climate responses (1971–2023). Silver fir reached the highest stand volume (711 m3 ha−1), with lower productivity in pine (−17.0%), larch (−22.9%), spruce (−26.0%), and yew (−70.6%). In contrast, larch maximised biomass carbon sequestration (267.7 t ha−1), whereas yew had the lowest value (87.7 t ha−1), but the greatest stand diversity (except high differentiation), while pine showed the lowest diversity. Radial growth was most constrained by warm Junes and dry Julys; an early-season multi-month drought compounded by heat further suppressed radial increments, and severe winter frosts added stress. Among the studied species, spruce was the most climate-sensitive, whereas fir and pine showed comparatively more resilience. From a practical forestry perspective, promoting structurally diverse stands with high production potential and prioritising climate-resilient tree species, especially fir, can help sustain production and stability at mid elevations under climate warming. Our results provide species-specific benchmarks for adaptive silviculture and identify the seasonal windows when growth is most vulnerable.
Unlocking Pinus ponderosa (Douglas ex C. Lawson) potential: a comprehensive review of results from native and introduced areas
Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is one of the most valuable American pines growing naturally in the western and Pacific states of Arizona and California. Based on previously published research, its ecological valence makes this species suitable for introduction worldwide, including Europe. In Central Europe, climate change—the primary cause of significant dieback of native tree species, such as Norway spruce and Scots pine—has increased the need to explore new methods to ensure forest stand sustainability. Introducing previously overlooked tree species, such as ponderosa pine could help address this challenge. We reviewed 229 research sources to analyze P. ponderosa’s potential for utilization in new areas. The existing research from its native distribution range indicates ecological plasticity and strong resistance to drought and climatic extremes. Production parameters were evaluated in young European forest stands with a stand volume of 430 m3⋅ha–1 at the age of 45, pointing toward a promising use in the forestry sector. In European forestry, ponderosa pine’s importance could grow due to its adaptability to warm and dry climates and tolerance of diverse soil conditions. Moreover, the extraordinary quality and texture of the wood, as well as ponderosa’s biodiversity and ornamental functions, make the species destined to become part of future landscapes and forest ecosystems of Central Europe under changed climatic conditions. However, we also see challenges and scientific gaps associated with the management of ponderosa pine and its introduction to mixtures with native tree species without prior verification and silviculture recommendations.