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Thermal processing-induced changes in volatilome and metabolome of Brussels sprouts: focus on glucosinolate metabolism
AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the influence of different thermal treatment methods (boiling, steaming) on the metabolome and volatilome of Brussels sprouts. Targeted, quantitative analysis of primary metabolites (amino acids and sugars), glucosinolates as well as untargeted analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were performed. The composition of primary metabolites was affected only by boiling, where the loss of nutrients was observed. Glucosinolate content increased after cooking, which can be explained by the loosening of the plant tissues and its better extractability. Most marked changes were noticed in the volatilome. Among the degradation products of glucosinolates, isothiocyanates were the main chemical group in the raw and boiled vegetable. In contrast, steaming favored the formation of nitriles. Another dominant group of VOCs were aldehydes, which were the most abundant in raw Brussels sprouts and their level significantly decreased after thermal treatment. It is well known that isothiocyanates are substances with widely proven bioactive properties. Therefore, their formation in the glucosinolate degradation process is favorable. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that boiling seems to be the most beneficial form of Brussels sprouts’ processing.
Application of Sorbent-Based Extraction Techniques in Food Analysis
This review presents an outline of the application of the most popular sorbent-based methods in food analysis. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is discussed based on the analyses of lipids, mycotoxins, pesticide residues, processing contaminants and flavor compounds, whereas solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is discussed having volatile and flavor compounds but also processing contaminants in mind. Apart from these two most popular methods, other techniques, such as stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), high-capacity sorbent extraction (HCSE), and needle-trap devices (NTD), are outlined. Additionally, novel forms of sorbent-based extraction methods such as thin-film solid-phase microextraction (TF-SPME) are presented. The utility and challenges related to these techniques are discussed in this review. Finally, the directions and need for future studies are addressed.