Filters
Pomoc rozwojowa dla sektora rolnego krajów Afryki, Karaibów i Pacyfiku. Cele, kierunki i uwarunkowania absorbcji
The Development Aid for the Agricultural Sector of African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries—Determinants and Allocation
We propose a method for allocating Official Development Assistance (ODA) to the agricultural sector of African Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries based on objectively measured indicators of the development of the economies determined for the period of 2010–2022. These indicators are calculated from statistical data using factor analysis. They are then implemented in a linear programming model to allocate the budget for ACP agriculture. The results show that the proposed approach allocates funds according to the assumed logic, supporting countries in the low and very low development classes. The research conducted can contribute to the discussion on the allocation of development support to the agricultural sector by potential donors while analyzing different assumptions. This study can also serve as a prelude to researching the phenomenon of increasing efficiency in the agricultural sector in the context of potential economic development paths for the analyzed countries.
Koordynacja działań zbiorowych i metody sprawiedliwego podziału w sektorze publicznym
Celem artykułu było zaprezentowanie teoretycznych podstaw problemu koordynacji działań zbiorowych oraz zaproponowanie metod sprawiedliwego podziału, które mogą być zastosowane do konstruowania budżetów polityki rolnej. W publikacji przedyskutowano wyniki badań eksperymentalnych nad skłonnością jednostek do kooperacji i podziałów sprawiedliwych, a następnie zaprezentowano możliwości zastosowania algorytmów sprawiedliwego podziału, które mają prowadzić do akceptowanych podziałów w praktyce wyboru publicznego. Wyniki badań wskazują, że osiągnięcie poczucia sprawiedliwości wymaga transparentności podziałów na podstawie jednoznacznie określonego wyboru kryteriów i metod.
Neuroeconomic studies in agriculture and food economics: a systematic review of literature
The objective of the study is to gather studies related to neural correlates that are used in agriculture and food economics. We classified and codified those studies to describe all of the contributions and to present the future prospects of neuroeconomics in the field of agriculture and food economics. A systematic literature review was carried out for this study to consolidate all of the relevant studies in one place. With the use of IEEE Xplore, Wiley Online Library, Taylor & Francis, Elsevier, Scopus and Sage, 190 records were identified and after a full text examination, 18 articles were selected for final review. Three major thematic areas viz: focus, method and field of study were identified and sub-classified into further classifications. In this systematic review, there were substantial evidence of the use of neuro tools such as the Eye Tracker (ET) and the electroencephalogram (EEG) in the field of agriculture and food economics. However, their application is still rare, creating significant opportunities for further research development in this direction.
Differences in Outcomes of the “Modernisation of Agricultural Holdings” Measure Across Polish Regions
Since the Polish accession to the EU, a substantial amount of financial support has been allocated to the agricultural sector, thereby underscoring the necessity for a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy and ramifications of the implemented agricultural policy. One such instrument was the “Modernisation of agricultural holdings” which was implemented under the 2007–2013 Rural Development Program (RDP) and continued, in a slightly modified form, in subsequent programs. The primary objective of this paper was to assess whether the implementation of the “Modernisation of agricultural holdings” has contributed to the improvement of agricultural development indicators in areas with a high number of modernization projects implemented, compared to areas with similar farming conditions but with low interest among farmers in this measure. Additionally, the analysis sought to determine whether the initial level of agricultural development was a determining factor in any observed differences in the improvement of these indicators. We compared the indicators of agricultural development calculated over two periods: 2010 and 2020 in Polish regions with similar farming conditions and similar characteristics (climatic conditions, farm size, crop structure, production direction, etc.), but different in their activity in applying for investment funds from the Modernization measure. The results demonstrate that in regions where agricultural conditions are more favorable, agricultural potential is higher, and agricultural structures are more developed, the impact of Modernization funds is negligible. Farms invariably evolve in a similar manner, irrespective of whether they have sought external support. The role of support for investment financing is significantly more pronounced in areas characterized by substantial agricultural fragmentation and predominance of small farms. In the regions of Poland where agricultural output was below the national average, the disparities in agricultural development between municipalities that received substantial Modernization funds and those that received less support were more highlighted. Thus, our findings reveal that to encourage investment in agricultural holdings, the funds should be allocated to regions with lower production potential and more fragmented agriculture, where the impact of the support is more evident.
Visual Attention to Food Bank Posters: Insights from an Exploratory Eye-Tracking Study
This exploratory eye-tracking study investigates how the emotional content of food bank advertisements influences food donor perception and visual attention. It does so by addressing a gap in the literature on eye-tracking applications in food donation contexts and social neuroscience. Visual attention represents a fundamental behavioural precursor to decision-making, yet its role in charitable communications remains underexplored. The objective of this research was to investigate how the content of food bank advertisements is associated with the way that potential food donors perceive food bank posters on a cognitive level. This study adopted a social neuroscience approach, using the methodology of eye-tracking to examine the visual attention patterns that form while viewing food bank posters. Participants (N = 96) viewed four posters varying in their emotional appeal, i.e., positive, neutral, negative and cognitive dissonance, while their eye movements were being recorded. Results revealed the robust attentional prioritisation of generic pictorial content over specific organisational logos or abstract symbols across all metrics and posters with large effect sizes (r = 0.69–0.87). It was found that pictures captured participants’ attention three to seven times faster than logos and also received two to seven times more fixations. The poster carrying a negative appeal elicited the strongest pictorial advantage, consistent with the negativity bias in attention allocation. Exploratory analysis found no significant correlation between participants’ past charitable behaviour and visual attention patterns, thus suggesting that the Picture Superiority Effect operates universally, regardless of individual past charitable behaviours. This is the first eye-tracking study examining donor-facing food bank communications in Poland, contributing to social neuroscience approaches in prosocial behaviour research. Findings suggest charitable organisations should prioritise emotionally engaging pictures’ inclusion over logo prominence in their visual communications messaging.
The Environmental and Climatic CAP Measures in Poland vs. Farmers’ Expectations - Regional Analysis
The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union remains at the top tier of the union’s legacies with the aim of bequeathing a sustainable future for all. Series of actions geared towards reforming the environmental and climate goals of the CAP are constantly being taken. The objective of this paper is to verify if the environmental and climatic CAP measures proposed in Poland’s Strategic Development Plan for Agriculture, for the years 2023–2027, reflect farmers’ preferences regarding the structure of the CAP support. To achieve this goal, we model a hypothetical strategic game involving farmers from different regions. The outcomes of the game were derived from the ex-post analysis of EU funds, in the application for environmental and climatic CAP measures, in addition to the results of simulations of the partial equilibrium model for the agricultural sector (CAPRI). It was found out that farmers from regions with disadvantaged agrarian structures would find it more difficult to cope with new eco-schemes due to the fact that good agricultural practices are rather low in such regions. For the long-term development of Polish agriculture, the agrarian structures need to be improved, as this affects the emission of greenhouse gases. The varying preferences of farmers from different Polish regions in implementing eco-schemes can be balanced by increasing redistributive payments.
The impact of economic crises on youth unemployment in rural areas of the European Union
Aim: The objective of this study was to research the vulnerability of youth unemployment in rural areas of the European Union to the global financial crisis of 2007 and COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: The Eurostat data were used to show the differences in unemployment rates of young people in rural areas before and after the financial crisis of 2007 and the COVID-19 pandemic. The results were compared with the data for older people as well as young people living elsewhere using Eurostat database age groups. Results: The results demonstrate that young people in rural areas are more severely affected by the crises compared to other analysed groups. However, the pace of recovery from high unemployment in this group is higher compared to urban areas. The authors also found that in EU countries where unemployment rates increased significantly after the 2007 financial crisis, young people in rural areas continue to face high unemployment rates above the EU average. Implications and recommendations: In order to design rural development programmes to support job creation it is of crucial importance to monitor levels of the rural youth labour market. Moreover, active labour policies, such as training and education, should be undertaken with the objective of increasing flexibility of young people in the rural labour market. Originality/value: The novelty of this research lies in its empirical demonstration that youth unemployment in rural areas is particularly vulnerable. Therefore, it warrants special attention in policy-making.
Winners and Losers of the CAP’s Rural Development Policy in Poland
The purpose of this study was to identify territorial clusters of Polish municipalities whose rural residents demonstrated higher or lower interest in the four programs of the CAP’s rural development policy compared to the country’s average interest. The clusters were identified on an aggregate basis and described with synthetic indexes of agriculture and rural development. The Moran’s global spatial autocorrelation coefficient was used to check for spatial autocorrelation. The results demonstrated that the support offered under the rural development programs covered by this analysis was higher in the regions with well-developed agricultural structures, while the areas with structural defects and the areas in need of development had lower-than-average levels of applications for all programs (regardless of their objectives). These findings call for a clear strategy to change the unfavorable structures in Polish agriculture. Otherwise, the regional development gaps in Polish agriculture will only deepen under these programs.
Zastosowanie metod ilościowych do przewidywania efektów zmian Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej Unii Europejskiej
Local Development and LEADER Funding in Poland: Insights from the Wielkopolska Region
LEADER is a European Union program designed to engage the energy and resources of people and local organizations in contributing to the development of their rural areas. Given the uniqueness of the program—particularly its bottom-up, incentive-based approach—it is of crucial importance to determine the local conditions affecting fund absorption. This study utilizes factor analysis and stepwise multiple regression to assess the influence of the local rural development conditions on the level of funding and rural residents’ participation in the LEADER program in Poland, using the example of the Wielkopolska region. This research spans two consecutive EU funding periods: 2007–2013 and 2014–2020. Our findings reveal that residents in areas with higher developmental needs and lower levels of socioeconomic development display a greater proclivity to access LEADER program funds. Consequently, the LEADER funds in the Wielkopolska region are directed towards areas in genuine need of reinforcement. These results contradict previous research on selected EU rural development measures under the second pillar of the CAP, as well as specific LEADER implementation areas. Furthermore, our findings indicate that entrepreneurship and cultural activities play a pivotal role in stimulating bottom-up initiatives within rural communities.