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Financial Security as a Basis for the Sustainable Development of Small and Medium-Sized Renewable Energy Companies—A Polish Perspective
In conditions of economic and political instability, when unpredictability affects business, the need for security, including financial security, becomes particularly important. In our study, we address this issue, with the main objective of comparing and evaluating the financial security of small and medium-sized renewable energy companies in Poland according to sustainable development goals. In order to study and describe relationships between selected groups of companies, financial ratios were used, including canonical variate analysis. The liquidity ratios of the surveyed companies indicated a low level of financial security in terms of the ability to meet short-term liabilities. The profitability of operations was low and did not contribute to the improvement of financial security in most of the companies. The lowest return on assets was found in the group of biogas plants. Higher profitability of assets was found in solar power plants, including those with system installations. Solar power plants were also characterized by a high level of total debt and a rapid turnover of assets in comparison to other studied companies. The results show that the financial security of small and medium-sized renewable energy enterprises in Poland is low, which may be a threat to sustainable development in the future.
Wybór formy opodatkowania mikroprzedsiębiorstwa jako instrument optymalizacji podatkowej w świetle zmian Polskiego Ładu
The purpose of this article is an evaluation of the impact of changes in regulations concerning income tax assessment and premiums for medical insurance from economic activity of microenterprises as part of the so-called „Polish Deal” on the value of regulatory liabilities arising from income tax and health contribution in context of various forms of taxations. Ambiguity and changeability of the regulations as well as an increase in regulatory liabilities is not helpful to entrepreneurs in business development and constitutes obstacles, hindering the advancement of the microenterprise sector. Choosing the taxation form of conducted business is very significant for the amount of income tax expense of microenterprise. Amendments to tax regulations due to the 2022 introduction of the „Polish Deal” caused a revolution in forms of accounting for income tax and regulations defining the value of premiums for medical insurance in microenterprise groups. It results from the conducted research that implementing regulations of the „Polish Deal” caused the increase of the regulatory liabilities for microenterprises which in turn in some cases result in a drop in profitability of conducted activity that can hinder entrepreneurship and lead to abandonment of conducting economic activity.