Adaptacja lasu do zmian klimatu z hodowlanego punktu widzenia

There is no doubt that the environmental fluctuations observed today resulting from changes in the climate system are leading to changes in the functioning of trees, stand structure, po pulations and entire forest ecosystems. This impact will also be evident in the next decades of this century. The observed increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration, the accompanying average temperature increase and the change in precipitation magnitude and distribution appear to be the most important factors affecting the forest ecosystem and its components. It is assumed that climate change will also lead to more frequent extreme events (heat waves, f ires, floods, hurricanes, extreme droughts), although the prediction of these events is subject to greater uncertainty than the prediction of changes in climatic parameters. Knowledge to date of the effects of CO2 , temperature or drought on the physiological processes of forest trees, their phenology and growth processes allows for the development of some strategies conducive to the adaptation of forests to new, although not fully recognized, environmental conditions at the end of the 21st century. It seems that the proposed proactive measures of adaptive silviculture will be more con ducive to tree and forest adaptation than measures identified with a passive or conservation strategy. Silviculture and forestry have, throughout their history, often resorted to procedures to adapt forests to change, comprising most often changes of a socio-economic nature (e.g. changing public perceptions of the forest), but contemporary climate change is of a different nature, and is often described as historically unprecedented. In order to meet the challenge of adapting forests to conditions arising from a changing climate, silviculture will need to incorporate the objectives of ensuring the sustainability (continuity) of the forest and thus its multifunctionality in its operations. How can we strengthen and increase the resilience of the forest and accelerate its adaptation to new conditions? Adaptive silviculture proposes a range of measures to achieve these goals. Already today, many of the measures within the framework of contemporary near-natural silviculture (semi-natural silviculture) seem to fit into adaptive silviculture. These mostly consist of shaping stands with a complex structure and rich species composition, which disperse breeding risks under changing climate con ditions. However, some of these measures should be re-examined against new objectives and perhaps modified (e.g. intensity of silvicultural treatments, use of more malleable or better adapted to changes alien species/provenances). Viewing the forest through the prism of a complex adaptive system will support breeding and management decisions that achieve the goal of maintaining the sustainability of the forest and its functions, thereby ensuring the sustainability of forestry in an uncertain future.