Mobbing behaviour of hosts and non-hosts towards cuckoo Cuculus canorus of different sex

The common cuckoo Cuculus canorus is an obligate brood parasite of many Eurasian bird species that exploit the parental care of their hosts. Although only females lay eggs in nests of passerine hosts, male and female cuckoos should cooperate to have a success in nest parasitism. Many bird species mobbing cuckoos as an element of deterrence of cuckoos from the breeding territory of the host. However, mobbing behaviour is costly, although only cuckoo females pose a threat to the dangers of the host. Because only the presence of a female cuckoo is dangerous, due to laying eggs in the nests of hosts, birds should mainly attack cuckoo females. Therefore, we tested for differences in anti-parasite response using field experiments with female and male cuckoo dummies, in 92 breeding sites with prime habitats in Poland. tested for differences in cuckoo responses in anti-parasite response using field experiments and cuckoo dummies (male and female) placed at 92 breeding sites with prime habitats in Poland. The host species that behaved most aggressively towards cuckoos was the barn swallow Hirundo rustica, while the most aggressive behaviour recorded in the non-host group was the great tit Parus major. Generally, host species reacted to cuckoo female dummies with a significantly higher probability than cuckoo males dummies. We conclude that differences in reaction by hosts and non-hosts may have arisen from selection for recognition of danger (parasite female) by reduction of reproductive success. © The Author(s) 2024.