Plant Protection in Modern Horticulture

Plant protection in modern horticulture is undergoing a profound transformation driven by technological innovation, environmental regulation, and the demand for sustainable food production. Traditional reliance on chemical pesticides is being progressively replaced by integrated pest management (IPM) systems that combine preventive, biological, and precision chemical approaches. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics, biosensors, and remote sensing technologies have improved the early detection of pathogens and pests, enabling data-driven decision-making. Biocontrol agents such as Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp., and entomopathogenic fungi have emerged as key components of environmentally friendly protection strategies, often supported by predictive modelling and decision support systems (DSS). A meta-analysis of recent studies highlights substantial variability in the effectiveness of biological control measures, emphasizing the importance of standardized experimental protocols and long-term monitoring. Economic evaluation remains a crucial aspect of IPM implementation, linking biological efficacy with cost-effectiveness and environmental impact. The synthesis presented in this paper underscores that sustainable plant protection requires an interdisciplinary approach integrating biology, technology, and economics. The adoption of predictive, adaptive, and ecologically balanced systems is essential for maintaining horticultural productivity under changing climatic conditions and increasing societal expectations for food safety and environmental responsibility.