Hydromorphological pressure explains the status of macrophytes and phytoplankton less effectively than eutrophication but contributes to water quality deterioration

Hydromorphological alterations are among the human-induced pressures that must be considered when assessing the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems. We investigated the effects of hydromorphological pressures on the ecological status of lowland lakes in Poland, focusing particularly on macrophyte and phytoplankton conditions. The analysis was based on biological, hydromorphological, and physicochemical data collected from 30 lowland lakes. Almost all biological and physicochemical indices correlated significantly (Spearman's |R|>0.5) with the hydromorphological index LHMS_PL. Using the variation partitioning method, we found that hydromorphological pressures explained only a small proportion (5.5 %) of the variability in ecological status assessed using macrophytes. These pressures had no direct effects on the ecological status assessed using phytoplankton. The shared effects of physicochemistry and hydromorphology explained a large proportion of the variability in ecological status indices based on both phytoplankton and macrophytes. The results demonstrated that in the analysed lakes, hydromorphological alterations were usually accompanied by increased nutrient concentrations. This finding indicates that physical alterations may affect lake biological assemblages not only directly but also indirectly by reducing the ecosystem's natural buffering capacity, thereby promoting the eutrophication process.