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Characteristic of particles created by preparatory operationsof the particleboard production process
Characteristic of particles created by preparatory operations of the particleboard production process.The production of wood-based panels, taking into account material innovations, involves the need to adjust the operation of technological devices to the properties of basic and auxiliary materials. In this study, it was decided to check the particle sizes after sorting raw materials representing 3 groups: forest biomass â pine branches, agricultural biomass - oilseed plant straw, and post-production material. Fractions were taken from the 2.00 mm mesh sieve of a sorter for the core layer of the particleboard and the fractional composition was determined by sieve analysis. The average linear particle dimensions and bulk density of each lignocellulosic raw material were also determined. Due to the varying proportions, it is necessary to adapt the parameters of the technological operations to the specifics of the raw material being processed or to introduce guidelines for the selection of particle sizes guided by their actual average size. Studies have shown differences between the individual materials. This is particularly important, as proper preparation of the raw material translates into the quality of the boards produced from them and the efficiency of the entire process.
The effect of operational parameters on the size of chips in the finishing wood-based materials by milling
The effect of operational parameters on the creation of chip particles in the CNC finishing processingof wood-based materials. The object of this study was a comparison of created chips from the process of milling two wood-based materials: medium-density fiberboard, and particleboard, using a modern CNC 5-axis milling center. The materials in the form of blocks were milled at constant revolutions of the cutting tool (18,000 rev/min), with changeable variables of feed rates (8, 10, and 12 m/min), and width of cut (1, 2, and 3 mm). The size of created chips was measured by gravimetric weighing from sieving analysis of the retained volume of chips on sieves with pre-defined mesh sizes. The main emphasis was aimed at studying particles of chipsobtained in the finishing process of the milling below <0.125mm. However, the others are mentioned and discussed. Gravimetric differences of the retained volume of chip mass show that created MDF chips are mostly in the size range of <0.250 to 0.125 mm, and particleboard in the size range of <0.500 to 0.250 mm. Distribution of average values in dependence on different conditions shows a decreasing effect with increasing feed rate on the amount of very small chip particles in the volume of both materials. Increasing the feed rate can decrease the amount of very particles in the range below <0.125 mm in the volume of chip mass.
Development and characterization of novel particleboard panels manufactured from organic waste with fiberglass reinforcement
The efficiency of the formatting and milling module of the technological line for door frames production
By introducing a new technological line for formatting and milling mass-customized door frames for wooden doors, PORTA KMI Poland with an industrial plant located in EĆk, Poland, conducted appropriate performance tests of the line to determine the production capacity during technological acceptance in order to check whether the assumed capacity was met before its technical acceptance takes place. The work describes how the processing time changes for frames with changed beam lengths from the reference length of 2028 mm to 2600 mm and for frames whose width has been increased from 127 and 147 mm to 500 mm. On this basis, an average time of 25.53 s was calculated for door frames with beams 2600 mm long and 28.1 s for door frames with a width of 500 mm. Efficiency was also calculated, which is 2.35 for frames with a changed beam length of 2.14.
Fine dust after sanding untreated and thermally modified spruce, oak, and meranti wood
AbstractAirborne wood dust poses health and safety risks in the construction and furniture industry. The study verified whether the thermal modification affects the share of fine wood dust particles (<â10 ÎŒm) generated during spruce, oak, and meranti wood sanding. The experimental research involved nine material variants, including three wood species in three states: untreated, thermally modified at 160 °C, and thermally modified at 220 °C). To collect at least 200 g of each dust sample, a belt sander with P80 sandpaper and a belt speed of 10 m/s was used, along with a dust collector. The collected dust was then separated into fractions using a set of sieves with aperture sizes of 2000, 1000, 500, 250, and 125 ÎŒm. A laser particle sizer was employed to measure the sizes of dust particles in the under-sieve fraction (dust with particle sizes smaller than 125 ÎŒm). The under-sieve fraction was decomposed into three subfractions, with particle sizes: <2.5, 2.5-4.0, and 4.0â10 ÎŒm. Surprisingly the results indicate that sanding dust from thermally modified wood generates a lower average mass share of potentially harmful fine particle fractions than dust from untreated wood. Oak dust contained a higher mass share of fine particles compared to the spruce and meranti dust samples. Dust from thermally modified oak and meranti wood had a lower content of harmful particle fractions than dust from untreated wood. The average mass shares of these dust fractions for modified wood at 160 and 220 °C showed no statictically significant differences (pâ<â0.05). Conversely, spruce dust had a low content of fine fractions because spruce particles exhibit a more irregular elongated shape. The study considered the extreme temperatures of 160 and 220 °C used in the thermal modification of wood. Therefore, the above statements are assumed to be valid for all intermediate thermo-modification temperatures.
Reducing, reusing, and recycling in the furniture industry: A mini-review
This study explores sustainable practices within the furniture industry, focusing on the principles of reduce, reuse, and recycle. Through a comprehensive review of scholarly literature retrieved from databases like Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar a moderate corpus of articles is identified. The analysis reveals a predominant emphasis on strategies aimed at minimizing resource consumption, extending product lifespans, and optimizing material recovery. While reduce, reuse and recycle serve as foundational pillars of sustainable furniture production, the literature also highlights complementary principles such as "rethink" and "refuse," urging critical reassessment and rejection of unsustainable practices. Despite the diversity in research interests and methodologies, the synthesis of findings underscores the need for standardization and comprehensive approaches to address environmental challenges throughout the furniture lifecycle. The study advocates for further research and collaboration to drive meaningful progress towards a more sustainable future for furniture production and consumption. This abstract encapsulates the key findings and implications of the study, providing a concise overview of the state of research on sustainable practices within the furniture industry. The aim of this short review is to analyse the scientific articles and their quantity relating to ecodesign in the furniture industry, with particular emphasis on the principles of reduce, reuse and recycle, as well as complementary concepts such as ârethinkingâ and ârefuseâ.
The influence of feed rate during pilot hole drilling on screw withdrawal resistance in particleboard
AbstractScrew withdrawal resistance (SWR) is a metric that assesses the strength of furniture joints made with wood screws. The SWR value is influenced by several factors, such as the size of the screw, the depth to which it is embedded, the diameter of the pilot hole, and the material properties of the furniture components that are being joined together. These factors have been widely studied in the scientific literature. The objective of the research was to investigate the previously unexplored factor of a feed rate during pilot hole drilling and its influence on SWR. This study used three particleboards composed of raw pine material and ureaâformaldehyde resins; the boards varied in average density (633, 637, and 714 kg/m3). Blind pilot holes with a diameter of 5 mm and depth of 25 mm were drilled in these boards using three significantly different feed rates (0.033, 0.33, and 3.33 mm/rev.). Subsequently, a confirmat-type furniture screw (7 mm major diameter, 4 mm minor diameter, 3 mm pitch) was screwed into these pilot holes. The ultimate SWR was measured with a universal testing machine. The results showed that the highest feed rate significantly decreases the SWR for all particleboards tested. This phenomenon can be attributed to the fact that a higher feed rate leads to a decreased precision in the internal surface of the pilot hole, consequently diminishing the screwâs anchoring capacity within the hole. The high feed rate, used to increase production efficiency, may significantly reduce furniture durability and usability.
Influence of Isocyanate Content and Hot-Pressing Temperatures on the PhysicalâMechanical Properties of Particleboard Bonded with a Hybrid UreaâFormaldehyde/Isocyanate Adhesive
Particleboard (PB) is mainly produced using ureaâformaldehyde (UF) adhesive. However, the low hydrolytic stability of UF leads to poor water resistance by the PB. This research aimed to analyze the effect of hot-pressing temperatures and the addition of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in UF adhesive on the physical and mechanical properties of PB. The first experiment focused on pressing temperature treatments including 130, 140, 150, and 160 °C. The particles were bonded using a combination of UF and MDI resin at a ratio of 70/30 (%w/w). Furthermore, the second experiment focused on UF/MDI ratio treatment, including 100/0, 85/15, 70/30, and 55/45 (%w/w), and the particles were pressed at 140°C. All of the single-layer particleboard in this research were produced in 250 Ă 250 mm, with a target thickness and density of 10 mm and 750 kg/m3, respectively. This research used 12% resin content based on oven-dry weight wood shaving. The pressing time and pressing pressure were determined to be 10 min and 2.5 N/mm2, respectively. Before the tests, the board was conditioned for 7 days. When studying the effect of treatment temperature, good physical properties (thickness swelling and water absorption) and mechanical properties (MOR and MOE) were obtained at 140 °C. However, no significant difference was observed in the UF/MDI ratio between 85/15 and 55/45 using the same temperature. The increase in the MDI adhesive ratio improves the MOE and MOR values. However, the internal bond was the contrary. This study suggests that a combination of UF/MDI at a ratio of 85/15 and hot-pressing temperature at 140 °C could produce a PB panel that meets a type 8 particleboard according to the JIS A5908-2003 standard and type P2 according to the EN 312-2010 standard.
Efficiency of integrated technological modules in mass production processes of wooden door frames
Design and comparison of a suitable dust separation technique during the machining process in a CNC machining center
Design and comparison of a suitable separation technique during the machining process in a CNC machining center. The paper deals with the issue of chip extraction from the milling process in a CNC machining center. The paper aimed to compare the particle size distribution of dust generated in the milling process of natural wood (beech, oak, and spruce) and MDF on a 5-axis CNC machining center. The particle size distribution was evaluated using sieve analysis of samples from the total weight of the captured dust. The results showed that the processing of natural wood is mainly characterized by the formation of coarse dust fractions (2 mm - 1 mm sieves), while the processing of MDF was associated with the formation of fine dust fractions with a size below 100 ÎŒm. Another of the objectives was to compare the separation values on the fractional separation curves of selected mechanical separators and filters with the size distribution of dust particles and to propose a suitable separation technique that meets the criteria of "best available technique" (BAT) in the processing of natural wood and MDF, as well as to point out the creation of and the production of harmful dust fractions, which arise mainly during the processing of MDF. We intended to assess whether the introduction of the given technology with the given material mix will also require modifications on the side of the extraction device.
The effect of average chip thickness on the potentially respirable dust from CNC finish milling of wood-based materials
Milling wood-based materials on CNC devices causes the creation of chips in small sizes that may escape the chip extraction zone to the surrounding environment and pollute the air. The article studied the effect of the feed rate (vf) and the width of cut (ae), transformed into kinematic average chip thickness, on the amounts of chips in respirable sizes <10.0Όm created in the cutting zone from particleboards (PB) and medium-density fibreboards (MDF). The amounts of dust-sized chips are discussed and were determined by the sieving analysis. The sizes of potentially respirable chips were estimated by weighting with the laser diffraction method. The highest amounts of chips from PB were of 0.250-0.500 mm (38-41%w), but in MDF, amounts varied depending on cutting conditions. With (ae) 1 mm were in the size range of 0.125-0.250 mm (35-54%w), for (ae) 2 mm (33-35%w), and (ae) 3 mm (36-40%w) with combinations of (vf) 6-8 m·min-1. With a combination of (vf) 10 and 12 m·min-1 distribution moved to a higher size range. Chips in sizes 10.0-4.0 Όm were estimated by <1%, for 4.0-2.5 Όm <0.5%, in 2.5-0.1 Όm <0.3%, and <0.1 Όm by <0.05%. Statistically was proven (p<0.05) only in PB, with adjusted (ae) by 1 mm, increasing the value of (vf) from 6 to 12 m·min-1 and also with (vf) at 6 m·min-1, between values of (ae) 1 and 2 mm (hm of 0.025-0.035 mm), will significantly (p<0.05) lower the percentual amounts of chips in sizes 10.0-4.0 and 4.0-2.5 Όm.
Charcoal Briquette Manufactured from Indonesian Sugar Palm Bunches (Arenga longipes Mogea) as Biomass-Based New Renewable Energy
The effect of the feed rate and revolutions of the cutting tool on the amounts of created chips in dust and respirable sizes from milling particleboards, and medium-density fibreboards
The CNC finish milling of wood-based materials creates chips in a wide size range, where considerable amounts were found even below <10.0Όm. The presented article studied the effect of technological variables on determined amounts of chips in dust sizes and respirable range from medium-density fibreboards (MDF) and particleboards (PTCB). The materials were milled at a constant width of cut (ae) by 1mm, with the feed speed (vf) in the range of 6, 8, 10, and 12m·min-1, and with revolutions of the cutting tool (n) in the range of 16,000; 18,000; and 20,000revs·min-1. In dust size, we cover chips in the size range below <0.125mm, and respirable size below <10.0Όm. The dust sizes from collected chip samples were determined by sieve analysis with pre-defined mesh sizes by weighting the retained mass on specific sieves and with the laser analysis we estimated the amounts of chips in sizes <10.0Όm. The number of chips in the dust size ranged for MDF by 34.7-40.8w% and in PTCB by 38.1-54.7w%. Amount of chips in respirable size for MDF by 0.01-18% and for PTCB by 0.01-4.5% of the total mass volume. Increasing the (vf) from 6 to 12m/min significantly lowered amounts of Fine and chips in respirable size (p<0.05) in PTCB, no matter on adjusted cutting tool (n). In MDF such effect was observed only with (n) 20000revs/min for respirable sizes.
Driftwood: A mini-review of current knowledge and research for furniture industry
With increasing industrialization, the environmental impact of human activitycontinues to grow, leading to greater waste production and a depletion of naturalresources. The search for alternative, sustainable materials has become a pressingpriority, particularly in industries like furniture manufacturing. Driftwood, anatural resource carried to oceanic and coastal areas by currents, ice, and waves,presents a unique opportunity in this context. Originating primarily from borealforests in Siberia and Russia, driftwood undergoes natural modifications due toprolonged exposure to seawater and Arctic ice, influencing its physical andmechanical properties. This paper investigates the origins, properties, andpotential applications of driftwood, emphasizing its role as a sustainable resourcefor industrial use. Driftwoodâs machinability, density, and structural integrity areanalyzed alongside its historical and modern applications, ranging fromconstruction and fuel in medieval Iceland to contemporary uses in art, furniture,and eco-friendly building materials. Additionally, innovative research exploringdriftwood-derived products such as thermo-acoustic panels and bricks highlightsits relevance to circular economy practices. The study concludes that whiledriftwood holds significant promise as an alternative material, challenges relatedto its structural properties and availability, exacerbated by climate change, requirefurther research. Nevertheless, integrating driftwood into industrial practicescould advance sustainability by reducing waste, preserving natural resources, andpromoting a transition to a circular economy
Effect of Low-Thermal Treatment on the Particle Size Distribution in Wood Dust after Milling
The thermal treatment of wood can improve the appearance of the wood productâs surface, its dimensional stability, and resistance to fungal attacks. However, the heat treatment changes the technological properties of wood, making it a new engineering material. This work investigates the effect of the low-thermal treatment of birch wood (Betula pendula Roth.), European beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.), and alder wood (Alnus glutinosa L.) on the fine dust particles creation during woodworking. The samples of thermally treated wood with temperatures commonly used for the change of wood colour (105, 125, and 135 °C) were compared with reference samples made of natural wood. All 12 variants of the tested woods were milled using the 5-axis CNC machining center (20 mm diamond cutter, rotational speed 18,000 rev·minâ1, the depth of cut 3 mm, feed rates of 2, 4 and 6 mâminâ1). A sieving analysis method allowed measuring the dust particle size distributions in all dust samples. The experimentâs result analysis points out that wood type, thermal treatment, and feed rate meaningfully affect the size distribution of dust particles. Compared to birch wood and beech wood, the milling of alder wood samples created a much higher content of the finest dust particles, with particle sizes smaller than 0.032 mm. Increased temperatures in thermal treatment increase the share of fine dust particles with sizes smaller than 0.125 mm, compared to wood in its natural state. Milling with a lower feed rate (2 m·minâ1) creates finer dust than processing with higher feed rates (4 and 6 m·minâ1). Generally, the milling of alder in a natural or thermally treated state is a source of fine dust particles, particularly at low feed speed-rate milling, compared to birch and beech wood. In general, these results indicate that the low temperature thermal treatment parameters attribute new technological properties to all thermally modified types of wood tested.
Long-term operation of pulse-jet filters for wood dust
Long-term operation of pulse-jet filters for wood dust. The study specifies the value of flow resistance and separation efficiency of filter material during long-term use in pulse-jet filters for wood dust. The experiments were carried out for one type of material working in two different filtration installations in one furniture factory. The bags were obtained from the installations after working for 67, 133 and 272 days, respectively. All tests were performed on the pilot-scale test stand under identical filtration conditions. Studies have shown that long-term filter material use increases airflow resistance and improves filtration efficiency. The range of these changes depends on the operating conditions of the pulse-jet filters. The obtained results made it possible to determine the properties of the long-term use of filter materials in various filtration conditions.
Improving the stiffness of the corner connections in wooden door frames
The research aimed to determine the strength and stiffness of corner joints in interior door frames, depending on their construction and the modifications made to the design of the door frame joints. Initially, two models were compared: model 1, with two connectors using a clamping screw at an angle of 45°, and model 0, with a single connector using a cam joint at an angle of 90°. In all tests, model 1 exhibited significantly better mechanical properties. To improve the performance of model 0, three alternative construction models (A, B, and C) were proposed by changing the position of the door frame mounting holes. In the compression test, model A showed an increased bending moment compared to model 0, while models B and C showed no such improvement. In the tension test, the bending moment values remained at a similar level across all construction variants, including model 0. In terms of bending moment, the best result in compression was achieved by model A (48.26âŻNm), and in tension by model B (48.72âŻNm). The highest stiffness was demonstrated by model 1 (up to 42.38âŻkNm/rad), while among the alternative models, model C showed the best result in tension (33.98âŻkNm/rad). Due to the favourable increase in bending moment under compression in model A and the insignificant changes under tension across all variants, model A is considered the optimal solution. To enhance the strength of the door frame, offset holes can be applied as proposed in this model.
