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Simulation Analysis of Onshore and Offshore Wind Farms’ Generation Potential for Polish Climatic Conditions

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cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-7750-9265
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cris.virtualsource.author-orcid723cb16b-5343-4f7e-a53a-308ccdb5aae2
dc.abstract.enCurrently, Poland is witnessing a dynamic development of the offshore wind energy sector, which will be a key component of the national energy mix. While many international studies have addressed wind energy deployment, there is a lack of research that compares the energy and economic performance of both onshore and offshore wind farms under Polish climatic and spatial conditions, especially in relation to turbine spacing optimization. This study addresses that gap by performing a computer-based simulation analysis of three onshore spacing variants (3D, 4D, 5D) and four offshore variants (5D, 6D, 7D, 9D), located in central Poland (Stęszew, Okonek, Gostyń) and the Baltic Sea, respectively. The efficiency of wind farms was assessed in both energy and economic terms, using WAsP Bundle software and standard profitability evaluation metrics (NPV, MNPV, IRR). The results show that the highest NPV and MNPV values among onshore configurations were obtained for the 3D spacing variant, where the energy yield leads to nearly double the annual revenue compared to the 5D variant. IRR values indicate project profitability, averaging 14.5% for onshore and 11.9% for offshore wind farms. Offshore turbines demonstrated higher capacity factors (36–53%) compared to onshore (28–39%), with 4–7 times higher annual energy output. The study provides new insight into wind farm layout optimization under Polish conditions and supports spatial planning and investment decision making in line with national energy policy goals.
dc.affiliationWydział Inżynierii Środowiska i Inżynierii Mechanicznej
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Inżynierii Biosystemów
dc.contributor.authorKubiak, Martyna
dc.contributor.authorBugała, Artur
dc.contributor.authorBugała, Dorota
dc.contributor.authorCzekała, Wojciech
dc.date.access2025-10-02
dc.date.accessioned2025-10-02T11:45:33Z
dc.date.available2025-10-02T11:45:33Z
dc.date.copyright2025-08-01
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstract<jats:p>Currently, Poland is witnessing a dynamic development of the offshore wind energy sector, which will be a key component of the national energy mix. While many international studies have addressed wind energy deployment, there is a lack of research that compares the energy and economic performance of both onshore and offshore wind farms under Polish climatic and spatial conditions, especially in relation to turbine spacing optimization. This study addresses that gap by performing a computer-based simulation analysis of three onshore spacing variants (3D, 4D, 5D) and four offshore variants (5D, 6D, 7D, 9D), located in central Poland (Stęszew, Okonek, Gostyń) and the Baltic Sea, respectively. The efficiency of wind farms was assessed in both energy and economic terms, using WAsP Bundle software and standard profitability evaluation metrics (NPV, MNPV, IRR). The results show that the highest NPV and MNPV values among onshore configurations were obtained for the 3D spacing variant, where the energy yield leads to nearly double the annual revenue compared to the 5D variant. IRR values indicate project profitability, averaging 14.5% for onshore and 11.9% for offshore wind farms. Offshore turbines demonstrated higher capacity factors (36–53%) compared to onshore (28–39%), with 4–7 times higher annual energy output. The study provides new insight into wind farm layout optimization under Polish conditions and supports spatial planning and investment decision making in line with national energy policy goals.</jats:p>
dc.description.accesstimeat_publication
dc.description.bibliographyil., bibliogr.
dc.description.financepublication_nocost
dc.description.financecost0,00
dc.description.if3,2
dc.description.number15
dc.description.points140
dc.description.versionfinal_published
dc.description.volume18
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/en18154087
dc.identifier.issn1996-1073
dc.identifier.urihttps://sciencerep.up.poznan.pl/handle/item/5151
dc.identifier.weblinkhttps://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/15/4087
dc.languageen
dc.pbn.affiliationenvironmental engineering, mining and energy
dc.relation.ispartofEnergies
dc.relation.pagesart. 4087
dc.rightsCC-BY
dc.sciencecloudnosend
dc.share.typeOPEN_JOURNAL
dc.subject.enonshore wind farm
dc.subject.enmulti-criteria evaluation
dc.subject.enoffshore wind farm
dc.subject.eneconomic analysis
dc.subject.enwind energy
dc.subject.enrenewable energy sources
dc.titleSimulation Analysis of Onshore and Offshore Wind Farms’ Generation Potential for Polish Climatic Conditions
dc.typeJournalArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue15
oaire.citation.volume18