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The strength and fire properties of paper sheets made of phosphorylated cellulose fibers

cris.virtual.author-orcid#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0003-0138-3034
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-6781-8187
cris.virtual.author-orcid#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-0064-6472
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0003-3704-4149
cris.virtualsource.author-orcid#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
cris.virtualsource.author-orcidecba7829-1555-40c7-9a9b-e479473ebd4c
cris.virtualsource.author-orcid585a16a3-58cf-427d-9db3-049624fbb67a
cris.virtualsource.author-orcid#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
cris.virtualsource.author-orcidf3d2d592-8ac3-490b-a1f2-343f92d659d0
cris.virtualsource.author-orcid92cedaf4-e34b-41a0-96ab-690532a1623e
dc.abstract.enPhosphorylated cellulose can be an intrinsic flame retardant and a promising alternative for halogenated fire inhibitors. In this study, the mixture of di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and urea (U), containing phosphate and nitrogen groups, was applied to attain fire inhibitor properties. Functional groups of cellulose were grafted with phosphorous by keeping the constant molar ratio of 1/1.2/4.9 between anhydroglucose units of cellulose/DAP/U in different concentrations of bleached kraft pulp. Phosphorus concentrations were determined using the ICP hrOES method, and paper sheets were made using the Rapid Köthen apparatus. The tensile strength of phosphorylated cellulose increased twice compared with unmodified cellulose when the phosphorous concentration increased to 10,000 g/kg. An increase in the tensile index comes from the higher freeness of pulp and cross-linking of the phosphorous group between cellulose fibers. Remarkable fire retardancy effects were achieved in cellulose concentrations above 5 wt%. The raised phosphorous concentration above 10,000 g/kg due to the phosphorylation process caused the formation of a char layer on a cellulose surface and the nonflammable gas emission. That effect was indirectly confirmed by reducing the combustion temperature and HRR by 50 and 45%, respectively. Due to increasing phosphorus concentration in cellulose sheets, cellulose’s fire and strength properties increased significantly.
dc.affiliationWydział Leśny i Technologii Drewna
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Chemicznej Technologii Drewna
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Chemii
dc.contributor.authorTavakoli, Mehrnoosh
dc.contributor.authorMazela, Bartłomiej
dc.contributor.authorGrześkowiak, Wojciech
dc.contributor.authorProch, Jędrzej
dc.contributor.authorMleczek, Mirosław
dc.contributor.authorPerdoch, Waldemar
dc.date.access2025-05-09
dc.date.accessioned2025-07-22T12:31:24Z
dc.date.available2025-07-22T12:31:24Z
dc.date.copyright2023-12-25
dc.date.issued2024
dc.description.abstract<jats:p>Phosphorylated cellulose can be an intrinsic flame retardant and a promising alternative for halogenated fire inhibitors. In this study, the mixture of di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and urea (U), containing phosphate and nitrogen groups, was applied to attain fire inhibitor properties. Functional groups of cellulose were grafted with phosphorous by keeping the constant molar ratio of 1/1.2/4.9 between anhydroglucose units of cellulose/DAP/U in different concentrations of bleached kraft pulp. Phosphorus concentrations were determined using the ICP hrOES method, and paper sheets were made using the Rapid Köthen apparatus. The tensile strength of phosphorylated cellulose increased twice compared with unmodified cellulose when the phosphorous concentration increased to 10,000 g/kg. An increase in the tensile index comes from the higher freeness of pulp and cross-linking of the phosphorous group between cellulose fibers. Remarkable fire retardancy effects were achieved in cellulose concentrations above 5 wt%. The raised phosphorous concentration above 10,000 g/kg due to the phosphorylation process caused the formation of a char layer on a cellulose surface and the nonflammable gas emission. That effect was indirectly confirmed by reducing the combustion temperature and HRR by 50 and 45%, respectively. Due to increasing phosphorus concentration in cellulose sheets, cellulose’s fire and strength properties increased significantly.</jats:p>
dc.description.accesstimeat_publication
dc.description.additionalSpecial Issue Advances in Polysaccharide Materials II
dc.description.bibliographyil., bibliogr.
dc.description.financepublication_nocost
dc.description.financecost0,00
dc.description.if4,6
dc.description.number1
dc.description.points140
dc.description.versionfinal_published
dc.description.volume29
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/molecules29010133
dc.identifier.issn1420-3049
dc.identifier.urihttps://sciencerep.up.poznan.pl/handle/item/3926
dc.identifier.weblinkhttp://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/1/133
dc.languageen
dc.relation.ispartofMolecules
dc.relation.pagesart. 133
dc.rightsCC-BY
dc.sciencecloudnosend
dc.share.typeOPEN_JOURNAL
dc.subject.enfire performance
dc.subject.engrafted cellulose
dc.subject.enphosphorylation
dc.subject.enmass loss calorimeter
dc.subject.enmini fire tube
dc.subject.enthermogravimetric analysis
dc.titleThe strength and fire properties of paper sheets made of phosphorylated cellulose fibers
dc.typeJournalArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue1
oaire.citation.volume29