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Various Indices of Meteorological and Hydrological Drought in the Warta Basin in Poland

cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0003-0926-5462
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-7035-9874
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-1453-0374
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-0768-499X
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-3579-5072
cris.virtual.author-orcid#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
cris.virtualsource.author-orcidfdcac286-975b-41b9-92e7-2e8e7293f6ed
cris.virtualsource.author-orcid2d571207-6c12-4387-94a1-bf7767fa5220
cris.virtualsource.author-orcid917b05fe-6da6-4828-82f0-08b7c58485fd
cris.virtualsource.author-orcida6384720-cbd5-479d-ae30-f3509f80a4d6
cris.virtualsource.author-orcid0d6b44ae-5d2d-45e8-a6a0-57dbe0d687ce
cris.virtualsource.author-orcid#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
dc.abstract.enThe Warta River basin, Poland’s third-largest basin, is highly vulnerable to drought, which occurs in both cold and warm seasons. This study examined meteorological and hydrological droughts using daily temperature and precipitation data from 211 meteorological stations and discharge data from 15 hydrological gauges for 2000–2020. Four indicators were applied: SPI and SPEI for meteorological drought, and SRI and ThLM for hydrological drought. The analysis revealed prolonged droughts and a systematic decline in SRI values, especially from March to September. The longest event, a shallow drought, lasted 555 days between 2019 and 2020 at the Sławsk gauge. The period from 2018 to 2020 was particularly severe, with drought intensity increasing and affecting 70–80% of river flows, while events persisted longer than usual. Water withdrawals, especially for municipal use, further reduced river levels. The section between Uniejów and Oborniki, located downstream of one of Poland’s largest reservoirs, proved most vulnerable to hydrological drought. Overall, results indicate a deteriorating water situation in the Warta basin, with the most significant deficits in spring and summer. These trends pose serious challenges for water management and water supply security. An improved understanding of meteorological and hydrological droughts and their impact is essential for managing the water–food–environment–energy nexus, including restrictions on water use for domestic, economic, and agricultural purposes, as well as the functioning of aquatic ecosystems.
dc.affiliationWydział Inżynierii Środowiska i Inżynierii Mechanicznej
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Inżynierii Wodnej i Sanitarnej
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Melioracji, Kształtowania Środowiska i Gospodarki Przestrzennej
dc.contributor.authorWicher-Dysarz, Joanna
dc.contributor.authorDysarz, Tomasz
dc.contributor.authorSojka, Mariusz
dc.contributor.authorJaskuła, Joanna
dc.contributor.authorKundzewicz, Zbigniew W.
dc.contributor.authorKaiwong, Supanon
dc.date.access2025-10-24
dc.date.accessioned2025-10-24T12:51:13Z
dc.date.available2025-10-24T12:51:13Z
dc.date.copyright2025-10-22
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstract<jats:p>The Warta River basin, Poland’s third-largest basin, is highly vulnerable to drought, which occurs in both cold and warm seasons. This study examined meteorological and hydrological droughts using daily temperature and precipitation data from 211 meteorological stations and discharge data from 15 hydrological gauges for 2000–2020. Four indicators were applied: SPI and SPEI for meteorological drought, and SRI and ThLM for hydrological drought. The analysis revealed prolonged droughts and a systematic decline in SRI values, especially from March to September. The longest event, a shallow drought, lasted 555 days between 2019 and 2020 at the Sławsk gauge. The period from 2018 to 2020 was particularly severe, with drought intensity increasing and affecting 70–80% of river flows, while events persisted longer than usual. Water withdrawals, especially for municipal use, further reduced river levels. The section between Uniejów and Oborniki, located downstream of one of Poland’s largest reservoirs, proved most vulnerable to hydrological drought. Overall, results indicate a deteriorating water situation in the Warta basin, with the most significant deficits in spring and summer. These trends pose serious challenges for water management and water supply security. An improved understanding of meteorological and hydrological droughts and their impact is essential for managing the water–food–environment–energy nexus, including restrictions on water use for domestic, economic, and agricultural purposes, as well as the functioning of aquatic ecosystems.</jats:p>
dc.description.accesstimeat_publication
dc.description.bibliographyil., bibliogr.
dc.description.financepublication_act
dc.description.financecost5800,00
dc.description.if3,0
dc.description.number21
dc.description.points100
dc.description.versionfinal_published
dc.description.volume17
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/w17213035
dc.identifier.issn2073-4441
dc.identifier.urihttps://sciencerep.up.poznan.pl/handle/item/5439
dc.identifier.weblinkhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/17/21/3035
dc.languageen
dc.pbn.affiliationenvironmental engineering, mining and energy
dc.relation.ispartofWater (Switzerland)
dc.relation.pagesart. 3035
dc.rightsCC-BY
dc.sciencecloudnosend
dc.share.typeOPEN_JOURNAL
dc.subject.enwater scarcity
dc.subject.endrought indices
dc.subject.enWarta River
dc.subject.enSPEI
dc.subject.enSPI
dc.subject.enSRI
dc.subject.enThLM
dc.titleVarious Indices of Meteorological and Hydrological Drought in the Warta Basin in Poland
dc.title.volumeSpecial Issue Rainfall Variability, Drought, and Land Degradation
dc.typeJournalArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue21
oaire.citation.volume17