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Raptor Poisoning in Europe between 1996 and 2016: A Continental Assessment of the Most Affected Species and the Most Used Poisons

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dc.abstract.enExposure to pesticides is among the most far-reaching of threats to raptors. We collated data on raptor poisoning across 22 European countries encompassing 3196 reported poisoning incidents affecting 4437 poisoned raptors of 37 species between 1996 and 2016. The most commonly poisoned raptors were obligate or facultative scavengers, but their proportional contribution to the total number of poisoned raptors varied among countries. Buzzards, eagles, vultures, and kites together accounted for 85% of poisoned raptors. Eurasian Buzzard (Buteo buteo; 46% of 4437 raptors), Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus; 12%), White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla; 9%), Red Kite (Milvus milvus; 7%), and Western Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus; 5%) were the most frequently poisoned. Of the species documented, six are globally threatened and 15 are globally declining according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's Red List. In total, 41 pesticides were detected singularly, and 34 pesticides were detected along with others. Carbofuran and aldicarb were reported in respectively 55% and 14% of poisoned raptors with detections of a single substance, and in 57% and 18% of poisoned raptors with multiple substances. More than half of the raptors poisoned with carbofuran and aldicarb were reported after the trade bans of these substances. Carbofuran was the most commonly detected poison across four raptor groups with different diets. Of 1589 raptors poisoned with carbofuran as a single substance, 88% were categorized as facultative scavengers. Poisoning cases with known dates peaked in March–April with 37% of 3566 poisoned raptors during this time. Poisoning of facultative scavengers peaked in March–April, while poisoning seasonality in other raptors was less clearly defined. We conclude that the widespread use of pesticides affecting raptors in Europe and the associated range of impacted species suggest that there may be implications for reduction of ecosystem services.
dc.abstract.languagees
dc.abstract.otherLa exposición a los pesticidas es una de las amenazas de mayor alcance para las aves rapaces. Recopilamos datos sobre envenenamiento de aves rapaces en 22 países europeos, abarcando 3196 incidentes de envenenamiento reportados que afectaron a 4437 aves rapaces envenenadas de 37 especies entre 1996 y 2016. Las aves rapaces más comúnmente envenenadas fueron carroñeras obligadas o facultativas, pero su contribución proporcional al número total de rapaces envenenadas varió de un país a otro. Los ratoneros, las águilas, los buitres y los milanos juntos representaron el 85% de las aves rapaces envenenadas. Sobre un total de 4437 aves rapaces, Buteo buteo (46%), Gyps fulvus; (12%), Haliaeetus albicilla (9%), Milvus milvus (7%) y Circus aeruginosus (5%) fueron las más frecuentemente afectadas por los pesticidas. De las especies documentadas, seis están amenazadas a nivel mundial y 15 están disminuyendo a nivel mundial según la Lista Roja de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza. En total, se detectaron 41 pesticidas de forma independiente, y 34 pesticidas combinados. Se notificaron carbofuranos y aldicarb en el 55% y el 14%, respectivamente, de las aves rapaces envenenadas con detección de una sola sustancia, y en el 57% y el 18% de las aves rapaces envenenadas con múltiples sustancias. Más de la mitad de las aves rapaces envenenadas con carbofurano y aldicarb se reportaron después de las prohibiciones comerciales de estas sustancias. El carbofurano fue el veneno más comúnmente detectado en cuatro grupos de aves rapaces con diferentes dietas. De 1589 aves rapaces envenenadas con carbofurano como sustancia única, el 88% fueron categorizadas como carroñeras facultativas. Los casos de envenenamiento con fechas conocidas alcanzaron su punto máximo en marzo–abril, con el 37% de las 3566 aves rapaces envenenadas durante este tiempo. El envenenamiento de carroñeros facultativos alcanzó su punto máximo en marzo–abril, mientras que la estacionalidad del envenenamiento en otras rapaces estuvo menos claramente definido. Concluimos que el uso generalizado de plaguicidas que afectan a las aves rapaces en Europa y la gama asociada de especies afectadas sugieren que pueden haber implicaciones para la reducción de los servicios ecosistémicos que estas aves proveen.
dc.affiliationWydział Medycyny Weterynaryjnej i Nauk o Zwierzętach
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Zoologii
dc.contributor.authorBuij, Ralph
dc.contributor.authorRichards, Ngaio L.
dc.contributor.authorRooney, Eimear
dc.contributor.authorRuddock, Marc
dc.contributor.authorHorváth, Márton
dc.contributor.authorKrone, Oliver
dc.contributor.authorMason, Helen
dc.contributor.authorShorrock, Guy
dc.contributor.authorChriél, Mariann
dc.contributor.authorDeák, Gábor
dc.contributor.authorDemerdzhiev, Dimitar
dc.contributor.authorDeutschová, Lucia
dc.contributor.authorDoktorová, Slávka
dc.contributor.authorInderwildi, Eva
dc.contributor.authorJaspers, Veerle L. B.
dc.contributor.authorJenny, David
dc.contributor.authorMikuska, Tibor
dc.contributor.authorMiskovic, Milica
dc.contributor.authorMizera, Tadeusz
dc.contributor.authorNagy, Attila
dc.contributor.authorNtemiri, Konstantina
dc.contributor.authorO'Donoghue, Barry
dc.contributor.authorRužić, Milan
dc.contributor.authorSaravia-Mullin, Victoria
dc.contributor.authorStoychev, Stoycho
dc.contributor.authorTavares, José
dc.contributor.authorAndevski, Jovan
dc.contributor.authorvan Tulden, Peter
dc.contributor.authorVelevski, Metodija
dc.contributor.authorVermouzek, Zdeněk
dc.contributor.authorVrezec, Al
dc.contributor.authorZorrilla, Irene
dc.contributor.authorMcClure, Christopher J. W.
dc.date.accessioned2025-05-06T10:10:43Z
dc.date.available2025-05-06T10:10:43Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.bibliographyil., bibliogr.
dc.description.financepublication_nocost
dc.description.financecost0,00
dc.description.if1,2
dc.description.number2
dc.description.points70
dc.description.volume59
dc.identifier.doi10.3356/jrr2373
dc.identifier.eissn2162-4569
dc.identifier.issn0892-1016
dc.identifier.urihttps://sciencerep.up.poznan.pl/handle/item/2745
dc.languageen
dc.pbn.affiliationanimal science and fisheries
dc.relation.ispartofJournal of Raptor Research
dc.relation.pages1-19
dc.rightsClosedAccess
dc.sciencecloudsend
dc.subject.enEurope
dc.subject.enillegal poisoning
dc.subject.enpesticide
dc.subject.enraptor
dc.subject.entoxicity.
dc.titleRaptor Poisoning in Europe between 1996 and 2016: A Continental Assessment of the Most Affected Species and the Most Used Poisons
dc.typeJournalArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue2
oaire.citation.volume59