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Gender differences in birding specialization from 25 countries: effects are large in skill/knowledge and minimal in commitment

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cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-8358-0797
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cris.virtualsource.author-orcid362c6679-6484-44a9-a5b6-eaf80f4cee38
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dc.abstract.enThis study investigates gender differences in birding specialization, a leisure activity characterized by three dimensions: skill/knowledge, behavior, and psychological commitment. We used data from a worldwide survey during December 19th 2020 and April 16th 2021 from 25 countries and psychometrically validated instruments. A total of 4006 people (2737 men, 1269 women; mean age 50.13 years, SD = 16.5) participated in the study. Meta-analytical tools were used to analyze the results. Men reported higher levels of skill/knowledge (effect size d = 0.75), behavior (d = 0.43), and psychological commitment (d = 0.18) than women. Gender-related differences in skill/knowledge correlated with gender equality indices, indicating that differences between men and women are large in more gender-equal societies. Gender-related behavioral differences reflect societal constraints on women’s leisure due to care responsibilities, while men’s higher skills could be related to competitive tendencies in birding. The results align with the “gender-equality paradox,” suggesting greater gender differences in contexts of higher societal equality. Recommendations for future research include considering initiation age of the leisure activity, lifetime leisure/recreational experience, and societal factors influencing gender-specific participation in cognitive leisure activities.
dc.affiliationWydział Medycyny Weterynaryjnej i Nauk o Zwierzętach
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Zoologii
dc.contributor.authorRandler, Christoph
dc.contributor.authorJokimäki, Jukka
dc.contributor.authorKaisanlahti-Jokimäki, Marja-Liisa
dc.contributor.authorTryjanowski, Piotr
dc.contributor.authorde Salvo, Maria
dc.contributor.authorde Almeida Barbosa, Renan
dc.contributor.authorTsai, Jo-Szu
dc.contributor.authorOrtiz-Pulido, Raúl
dc.date.access2026-03-17
dc.date.accessioned2026-03-17T11:38:50Z
dc.date.available2026-03-17T11:38:50Z
dc.date.copyright2025-12-04
dc.date.issued2026
dc.description.abstract<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p> This study investigates gender differences in birding specialization, a leisure activity characterized by three dimensions: skill/knowledge, behavior, and psychological commitment. We used data from a worldwide survey during December 19th 2020 and April 16th 2021 from 25 countries and psychometrically validated instruments. A total of 4006 people (2737 men, 1269 women; mean age 50.13 years, <jats:italic>SD</jats:italic>  = 16.5) participated in the study. Meta-analytical tools were used to analyze the results. Men reported higher levels of skill/knowledge (effect size <jats:italic>d</jats:italic>  = 0.75), behavior ( <jats:italic>d</jats:italic>  = 0.43), and psychological commitment ( <jats:italic>d</jats:italic>  = 0.18) than women. Gender-related differences in skill/knowledge correlated with gender equality indices, indicating that differences between men and women are large in more gender-equal societies. Gender-related behavioral differences reflect societal constraints on women’s leisure due to care responsibilities, while men’s higher skills could be related to competitive tendencies in birding. The results align with the “gender-equality paradox,” suggesting greater gender differences in contexts of higher societal equality. Recommendations for future research include considering initiation age of the leisure activity, lifetime leisure/recreational experience, and societal factors influencing gender-specific participation in cognitive leisure activities. </jats:p>
dc.description.accesstimeat_publication
dc.description.bibliographyil., bibliogr.
dc.description.financepublication_nocost
dc.description.financecost0,00
dc.description.if2,6
dc.description.number5
dc.description.points70
dc.description.versionfinal_published
dc.description.volume45
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s12144-025-08912-7
dc.identifier.eissn1936-4733
dc.identifier.issn1046-1310
dc.identifier.urihttps://sciencerep.up.poznan.pl/handle/item/7782
dc.identifier.weblinkhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12144-025-08912-7
dc.languageen
dc.pbn.affiliationbiological sciences
dc.relation.ispartofCurrent Psychology
dc.relation.pagesart. 489
dc.rightsCC-BY
dc.sciencecloudnosend
dc.share.typeOTHER
dc.subject.enbirdwatching
dc.subject.ennature-related recreation
dc.subject.enoutdoor recreation
dc.subject.enleisure
dc.subject.engender-equality paradox
dc.titleGender differences in birding specialization from 25 countries: effects are large in skill/knowledge and minimal in commitment
dc.typeJournalArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue5
oaire.citation.volume45