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Spexin Promotes the Proliferation and Differentiation of C2C12 Cells In Vitro—The Effect of Exercise on SPX and SPX Receptor Expression in Skeletal Muscle In Vivo

cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-0081-7585
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-7182-6905
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cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0001-9792-1145
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0003-2209-2711
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-0412-5578
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-1948-6544
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0003-0715-0223
cris.virtualsource.author-orcidfa9a05b6-07fa-47e8-ae3d-8929da6881f3
cris.virtualsource.author-orcid325904ea-6775-4d8a-b846-0104d9ec20ca
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cris.virtualsource.author-orcid1815dbc7-82a3-4ce5-8dc9-bbe17826792b
cris.virtualsource.author-orcid8acbbcc4-8a6f-4db7-a3ac-e60a3f501630
cris.virtualsource.author-orcid1d7e7a9f-dfd0-4ed2-9512-a9aa9cf4ba27
cris.virtualsource.author-orcidb5ca3f7e-8c5b-47d7-b9c2-582f5ffa0e29
cris.virtualsource.author-orcid0c22ceb5-e5c6-4f5d-a0fd-8ec91a16efa9
dc.abstract.enSPX (spexin) and its receptors GalR2 and GalR3 (galanin receptor subtype 2 and galanin receptor subtype 3) play an important role in the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in human and animal fat tissue. However, little is still known about the role of this peptide in the metabolism of muscle. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of SPX on the metabolism, proliferation and differentiation of the skeletal muscle cell line C2C12. Moreover, we determined the effect of exercise on the SPX transduction pathway in mice skeletal muscle. We found that increased SPX, acting via GalR2 and GalR3 receptors, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation stimulated the proliferation of C2C12 cells (p < 0.01). We also noted that SPX stimulated the differentiation of C2C12 by increasing mRNA and protein levels of differentiation markers Myh, myogenin and MyoD (p < 0.01). SPX consequently promoted myoblast fusion into the myotubule (p < 0.01). Moreover, we found that, in the first stage (after 2 days) of myocyte differentiation, GalR2 and GalR3 were involved, whereas in the last stage (day six), the effect of SPX was mediated by the GalR3 isoform. We also noted that exercise stimulated SPX and GalR2 expression in mice skeletal muscle as well as an increase in SPX concentration in blood serum. These new insights may contribute to a better understanding of the role of SPX in the metabolism of skeletal muscle.
dc.affiliationWydział Medycyny Weterynaryjnej i Nauk o Zwierzętach
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Fizjologii, Biochemii i Biostruktury Zwierząt
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Nauk Przedklinicznych i Chorób Zakaźnych
dc.contributor.authorLeciejewska, Natalia
dc.contributor.authorPruszyńska-Oszmałek, Ewa
dc.contributor.authorMielnik, Karolina
dc.contributor.authorGłowacki, Maciej
dc.contributor.authorLehmann, Tomasz P.
dc.contributor.authorSassek, Maciej
dc.contributor.authorGawęda, Bartosz
dc.contributor.authorSzczepankiewicz, Dawid
dc.contributor.authorNowak, Krzysztof W.
dc.contributor.authorKołodziejski, Paweł
dc.date.access2026-02-18
dc.date.accessioned2026-03-05T09:27:50Z
dc.date.available2026-03-05T09:27:50Z
dc.date.copyright2021-12-28
dc.date.issued2022
dc.description.abstract<jats:p>SPX (spexin) and its receptors GalR2 and GalR3 (galanin receptor subtype 2 and galanin receptor subtype 3) play an important role in the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in human and animal fat tissue. However, little is still known about the role of this peptide in the metabolism of muscle. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of SPX on the metabolism, proliferation and differentiation of the skeletal muscle cell line C2C12. Moreover, we determined the effect of exercise on the SPX transduction pathway in mice skeletal muscle. We found that increased SPX, acting via GalR2 and GalR3 receptors, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation stimulated the proliferation of C2C12 cells (p &lt; 0.01). We also noted that SPX stimulated the differentiation of C2C12 by increasing mRNA and protein levels of differentiation markers Myh, myogenin and MyoD (p &lt; 0.01). SPX consequently promoted myoblast fusion into the myotubule (p &lt; 0.01). Moreover, we found that, in the first stage (after 2 days) of myocyte differentiation, GalR2 and GalR3 were involved, whereas in the last stage (day six), the effect of SPX was mediated by the GalR3 isoform. We also noted that exercise stimulated SPX and GalR2 expression in mice skeletal muscle as well as an increase in SPX concentration in blood serum. These new insights may contribute to a better understanding of the role of SPX in the metabolism of skeletal muscle.</jats:p>
dc.description.accesstimeat_publication
dc.description.bibliographyil., bibliogr.
dc.description.financepublication_nocost
dc.description.financecost0,00
dc.description.if3,5
dc.description.number1
dc.description.points100
dc.description.versionfinal_published
dc.description.volume13
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/genes13010081
dc.identifier.issn2073-4425
dc.identifier.urihttps://sciencerep.up.poznan.pl/handle/item/7623
dc.identifier.weblinkhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/13/1/81
dc.languageen
dc.relation.ispartofGenes
dc.relation.pagesart. 81
dc.rightsCC-BY
dc.sciencecloudnosend
dc.share.typeOPEN_JOURNAL
dc.subject.enspexin
dc.subject.enC2C12 cells
dc.subject.enskeletal muscle
dc.subject.endifferentiation
dc.titleSpexin Promotes the Proliferation and Differentiation of C2C12 Cells In Vitro—The Effect of Exercise on SPX and SPX Receptor Expression in Skeletal Muscle In Vivo
dc.title.volumeSpecial Issue Lipid Metabolism, Adipogenesis and Fat Tissue Metabolism: Gene Regulation
dc.typeJournalArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue1
oaire.citation.volume13