Is more always better? Evaluating accessibility to parks and forests in 33 European cities using sustainable modes of transportation

Enhancing quality of life in contemporary cities hinges on convenient access to parks and forests, offering avenues for physical activity and social engagement, as well as benefits for mental health and opportunities for educational pursuits. This comprehensive study delves into the accessibility to parks and forests across 33 major European cities, employing an interdisciplinary framework drawing from transportation and urban planning methodologies. By analysing accessibility to urban green spaces (UGS) through sustainable modes of transportation, the research aims at unveiling patterns shaped by population density, terrain elevation, city area and transportation infrastructure. Notably, disparities in accessibility emerge both within and between cities, with urban parks, typically nestled in city centres, exhibiting more equitable accessibility compared to forests, often situated on the outskirts. Further results show that the area of UGS, road network density, public transit availability, and elevation gradients influence parks and forests accessibility with different strengths and in different configurations, unveiling the complexity of green space distribution within urban landscapes. Across transportation modes, disparities in accessibility are most pronounced for pedestrians, accentuating the need for targeted interventions to bridge the gaps. The study also emphasizes the significance of discerning qualitative distinctions among diverse green spaces, advocating for tailored strategies in UGS planning. Acknowledging the pivotal role of parks in augmenting UGS accessibility, particularly in densely populated areas and for short-distance journeys, the paper underscores the urgency of fair provision. Finally, this research furnishes insights for policymakers and urban planners committed to fostering inclusive, healthy and sustainable urban environments.