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Elements of household income and income inequality in selected EU countries

cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0001-5439-7339
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0001-8992-7379
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cris.virtualsource.author-orcid522e1fae-992b-4f88-a3b6-0355b1f7c411
cris.virtualsource.author-orcidf266b01a-ed35-4602-8dcb-0c5c6414c12f
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dc.abstract.enAim: The aim of this study was to identify the most influential factors impacting thelevel and dynamicsof general income inequalities in Poland, Denmark, Germany, Spain and Romania in the period 2007-2019. Methodology:The study was based on unpublishedindividual data from the EuropeanSurvey of Income andLiving Conditions carried out by the European Commission. The research was conductedusing the procedure of decomposing the Gini coefficient to the general assessment of inequalities as per income source Results: The study enabled the conclusion that the biggest inequalities in household gross incomewere present in Romania, and the smallest in Denmark. In Romania and Poland income inequalitiesare slowly but continuously rising, whilst in Denmark, Spain and Germany, they are in decline. Thegross income in the analysedEU households was based on three main elements, namely paidemployment, self-employment and pensions, which constituted 86-96% of household financialresources. Thediversity of inequality was predominantly influenced by the income from paidemployment, interests,dividends and profit from capital investments in unincorporated businesses, self-employment as well as old-age benefits; such benefits showed an equalising effect on incomeinequalities. Implications and recommendations: Analyses carried out on the basis of microdata can contribute to the formulation of policies, the targeting of interventions, and the monitoring and measurement of the impact of ongoing interventions and policies on the situation of households. Originality/value: This study contributes to the literature on income inequality byprovidinga comparative analysis of five European countries, By utilizing unpublished microdata from theEuropeanSurvey of Income andLiving Conditions(EU-SILC), this research offers a novel approach to identifying the distinct contributions of employment income, self-employment, capital income, andpensions to inequalitylevels. The study's cross-country comparisoncovering the period 2007-2019alsoprovidesvaluable insights into the heterogeneous impacts of socioeconomic policies across bothWestern and Eastern European countries. This original dataset and analytical approach support thedevelopment of moreeffective,evidence-based public policies aimed at reducing income disparities.
dc.affiliationWydział Ekonomiczny
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Ekonomii i Polityki Gospodarczej w Agrobiznesie
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Finansów i Rachunkowości
dc.contributor.authorKozak, Joanna Maria
dc.contributor.authorMrówczyńska-Kamińska, Aldona
dc.contributor.authorWołoszyn, Andrzej
dc.date.access2025-08-04
dc.date.accessioned2025-08-04T11:38:12Z
dc.date.available2025-08-04T11:38:12Z
dc.date.copyright2025-02-11
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstract<jats:p>Aim: The aim of this study was to identify the most influential factors impacting the level and dynamics of general income inequalities in Poland, Denmark, Germany, Spain and Romania in the period 2007-2019. Methodology: The study was based on unpublished individual data from the European Survey of Income and Living Conditions carried out by the European Commission. The research was conducted using the procedure of decomposing the Gini coefficient to the general assessment of inequalities as per income source. Results: The study enabled the conclusion that the biggest inequalities in household gross income were present in Romania, and the smallest in Denmark. In Romania and Poland income inequalities are slowly but continuously rising, whilst in Denmark, Spain and Germany, they are in decline. The gross income in the analysed EU households was based on three main elements, namely paid employment, self-employment and pensions, which constituted 86-96% of household financial resources. The diversity of inequality was predominantly influenced by the income from paid employment, interests, dividends and profit from capital investments in unincorporated businesses, self-employment as well as old-age benefits; such benefits showed an equalising effect on income inequalities. Implications and recommendations: Analyses carried out on the basis of microdata can contribute to the formulation of policies, the targeting of interventions, and the monitoring and measurement of the impact of ongoing interventions and policies on the situation of households. Originality/value: This study contributes to the literature on income inequality by providing a comparative analysis of five European countries, By utilizing unpublished microdata from the European Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), this research offers a novel approach to identifying the distinct contributions of employment income, self-employment, capital income, and pensions to inequality levels. The study's cross-country comparison covering the period 2007-2019 also provides valuable insights into the heterogeneous impacts of socioeconomic policies across both Western and Eastern European countries. This original dataset and analytical approach support the development of more effective, evidence-based public policies aimed at reducing income disparities.</jats:p>
dc.description.accesstimeat_publication
dc.description.bibliographyil., bibliogr.
dc.description.financepublication_act
dc.description.financecost1990,00
dc.description.if0,5
dc.description.number1
dc.description.points70
dc.description.versionfinal_published
dc.description.volume54
dc.identifier.doi10.15611/aoe.2025.1.01
dc.identifier.eissn2720-5088
dc.identifier.issn1233-5835
dc.identifier.urihttps://sciencerep.up.poznan.pl/handle/item/4066
dc.identifier.weblinkhttps://journals.ue.wroc.pl/aoe/article/view/1695
dc.languageen
dc.pbn.affiliationeconomics and finance
dc.relation.ispartofArgumenta Oeconomica
dc.relation.pages1-25
dc.rightsCC-BY-SA
dc.sciencecloudsend
dc.share.typeOPEN_JOURNAL
dc.subject.enGini coefficient decomposition
dc.subject.enincome inequality
dc.subject.enGini coefficient semi-elasticity
dc.subject.enpseudo-Gini index
dc.subject.entotal household gross income
dc.titleElements of household income and income inequality in selected EU countries
dc.typeJournalArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue1
oaire.citation.volume54
project.funder.nameWydział Ekonomiczny