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Nutritional Risk Score (NRS-2002) as a Predictor of In-Hospital Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Single-Center Cohort Study

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dc.abstract.enBackground: Malnutrition is an often-overlooked yet potentially crucial factor influencing COVID-19 outcomes. Poor nutritional status weakens immune function, increases infection susceptibility, and worsens prognoses in hospitalized patients. However, its specific role in COVID-19 mortality remains insufficiently characterized. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of malnutrition, as determined by the Nutritional Risk Score (NRS-2002), on in-hospital mortality. Methods: This retrospective, single-center study analyzed 222 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the Delta variant predominance. Thirty-one patients died during hospitalization. Malnutrition (NRS ≥ 3) emerged as a strong predictor of in-hospital mortality in univariate Cox proportional hazard models, both before and after adjustment for potential confounders. Adjusted analyses used 10 different sets of three out of five mortality-related variables. Results: Hazard ratios for malnutrition ranged from 3.19 to 5.88 (p < 0.01 for all models), highlighting its substantial impact on mortality risk. The high Nagelkerke’s R2 values (0.66–0.77) indicate that the models explained a significant proportion of mortality variance. Nutritional status plays a critical role in COVID-19 survival among hospitalized patients. Conclusions: Given its simplicity and effectiveness, integrating the NRS-2002 into routine clinical assessments may help identify high-risk patients early. Future research should explore whether early nutritional interventions can mitigate the mortality risks associated with malnutrition in severe COVID-19 cases or patients with other infectious diseases or acute inflammation.
dc.affiliationWydział Nauk o Żywności i Żywieniu
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Żywienia Człowieka i Dietetyki
dc.contributor.authorIlkowski, Jan
dc.contributor.authorGuzik, Przemysław
dc.contributor.authorKaluźniak-Szymanowska, Aleksandra
dc.contributor.authorRzymski, Piotr
dc.contributor.authorChudek, Jerzy
dc.contributor.authorWieczorowska-Tobis, Katarzyna
dc.date.access2026-02-04
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-05T08:57:58Z
dc.date.available2026-02-05T08:57:58Z
dc.date.copyright2025-04-06
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstract<jats:p>Background: Malnutrition is an often-overlooked yet potentially crucial factor influencing COVID-19 outcomes. Poor nutritional status weakens immune function, increases infection susceptibility, and worsens prognoses in hospitalized patients. However, its specific role in COVID-19 mortality remains insufficiently characterized. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of malnutrition, as determined by the Nutritional Risk Score (NRS-2002), on in-hospital mortality. Methods: This retrospective, single-center study analyzed 222 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the Delta variant predominance. Thirty-one patients died during hospitalization. Malnutrition (NRS ≥ 3) emerged as a strong predictor of in-hospital mortality in univariate Cox proportional hazard models, both before and after adjustment for potential confounders. Adjusted analyses used 10 different sets of three out of five mortality-related variables. Results: Hazard ratios for malnutrition ranged from 3.19 to 5.88 (p &lt; 0.01 for all models), highlighting its substantial impact on mortality risk. The high Nagelkerke’s R2 values (0.66–0.77) indicate that the models explained a significant proportion of mortality variance. Nutritional status plays a critical role in COVID-19 survival among hospitalized patients. Conclusions: Given its simplicity and effectiveness, integrating the NRS-2002 into routine clinical assessments may help identify high-risk patients early. Future research should explore whether early nutritional interventions can mitigate the mortality risks associated with malnutrition in severe COVID-19 cases or patients with other infectious diseases or acute inflammation.</jats:p>
dc.description.accesstimeat_publication
dc.description.bibliographyil., bibliogr.
dc.description.financepublication_nocost
dc.description.financecost0,00
dc.description.if5,0
dc.description.number7
dc.description.points140
dc.description.versionfinal_published
dc.description.volume17
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/nu17071278
dc.identifier.issn2072-6643
dc.identifier.urihttps://sciencerep.up.poznan.pl/handle/item/7167
dc.identifier.weblinkhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/7/1278
dc.languageen
dc.relation.ispartofNutrients
dc.relation.pagesart. 1278
dc.rightsCC-BY
dc.sciencecloudsend
dc.share.typeOPEN_JOURNAL
dc.subject.enCOVID-19
dc.subject.enin-hospital mortality
dc.subject.enmalnutrition
dc.subject.enNutritional Risk Score (NRS-2002)
dc.subject.enrisk assessment
dc.titleNutritional Risk Score (NRS-2002) as a Predictor of In-Hospital Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Single-Center Cohort Study
dc.typeJournalArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue7
oaire.citation.volume17