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From Waste to Feed: Enhancing Sustainability in Ruminant Nutrition Through Cashew Apple Utilization – A Review

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dc.abstract.enGrowing global demand for livestock products has intensified the need for sustainable feed resources in ruminant nutrition, particularly in developing regions. With feed costs comprising up to 75% of production expenses, exploring alternative feed sources can offer both economic and environmental benefits. This study explored the potential of cashew apple (CA) as a novel and sustainable by-product for ruminants by reviewing relevant articles from databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar. CA has an average proximate composition (dry matter basis) of 130 g/kg crude protein, 71.7 g/kg crude fibre, 61.2 g/kg ether extract, 49.3 g/kg ash, 640 g/kg nitrogen free extract, and 2973 kcal/kg metabolizable energy, making it a valuable addition to ruminant diets. It can reduce reliance on traditional and high-cost feed sources and mitigate environmental pollution by reducing waste and contributing to circular agricultural practices. However, limitations such as high moisture content in fresh cashew fruit, seasonal availability, and rapid spoilage necessitate effective processing methods. There is a knowledge gap on the use of CA in ruminant diets, and there is a need to assess its impact on ruminal pH, short-chain fatty acids production, ammonia production, other rumen fermentation profiles, and animal performance. Based on the quantitative data of this study about the proximate composition of CA and some animal studies, it could be a viable and eco-friendly supplement to the ruminant diets. Addressing its storage and preservation challenges can unlock its potential in diversified, eco-friendly ruminant systems.
dc.affiliationWydział Medycyny Weterynaryjnej i Nauk o Zwierzętach
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Żywienia Zwierząt
dc.affiliation.instituteUniwersyteckie Centrum Medycyny Weterynaryjnej
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Hodowli Zwierząt i Oceny Surowców
dc.contributor.authorOlorunlowu, Segun
dc.contributor.authorOjediran, Taiwo
dc.contributor.authorOlayiwola, Sammad
dc.contributor.authorAdejoro, Festus
dc.contributor.authorOla, Busola
dc.contributor.authorSidoruk, Pola
dc.contributor.authorSznajder, Julia
dc.contributor.authorSzczesny, Jakub
dc.contributor.authorYanza, Yulianri Rizki
dc.contributor.authorGogulski, Maciej
dc.contributor.authorŚlusarczyk, Sylwester
dc.contributor.authorGao, Min
dc.contributor.authorPatra, Amlan Kumar
dc.contributor.authorTerefe, Geberemariyam
dc.contributor.authorSteppa, Ryszard
dc.contributor.authorCieślak, Adam
dc.date.access2025-11-14
dc.date.accessioned2025-11-14T07:57:29Z
dc.date.available2025-11-14T07:57:29Z
dc.date.copyright2025-10-24
dc.date.issued2025-10-24
dc.description.abstract<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Growing global demand for livestock products has intensified the need for sustainable feed resources in ruminant nutrition, particularly in developing regions. With feed costs comprising up to 75% of production expenses, exploring alternative feed sources can offer both economic and environmental benefits. This study explored the potential of cashew apple (CA) as a novel and sustainable by-product for ruminants by reviewing relevant articles from databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar. CA has an average proximate composition (dry matter basis) of 130 g/kg crude protein, 71.7 g/kg crude fibre, 61.2 g/kg ether extract, 49.3 g/kg ash, 640 g/kg nitrogen free extract, and 2973 kcal/kg metabolizable energy, making it a valuable addition to ruminant diets. It can reduce reliance on traditional and high-cost feed sources and mitigate environmental pollution by reducing waste and contributing to circular agricultural practices. However, limitations such as high moisture content in fresh cashew fruit, seasonal availability, and rapid spoilage necessitate effective processing methods. There is a knowledge gap on the use of CA in ruminant diets, and there is a need to assess its impact on ruminal pH, short-chain fatty acids production, ammonia production, other rumen fermentation profiles, and animal performance. Based on the quantitative data of this study about the proximate composition of CA and some animal studies, it could be a viable and eco-friendly supplement to the ruminant diets. Addressing its storage and preservation challenges can unlock its potential in diversified, eco-friendly ruminant systems.</jats:p>
dc.description.accesstimeat_publication
dc.description.bibliographyil., bibliogr.
dc.description.financepublication_research
dc.description.financecost4305.00
dc.description.if2,2
dc.description.number4
dc.description.points140
dc.description.versionfinal_published
dc.description.volume25
dc.identifier.doi10.2478/aoas-2025-0071
dc.identifier.eissn2300-8733
dc.identifier.issn1642-3402
dc.identifier.urihttps://sciencerep.up.poznan.pl/handle/item/5881
dc.identifier.weblinkhttps://reference-global.com/article/10.2478/aoas-2025-0071
dc.languageen
dc.pbn.affiliationanimal science and fisheries
dc.relation.ispartofAnnals of Animal Science
dc.relation.pages1193-1209
dc.rightsCC-BY
dc.sciencecloudnosend
dc.share.typeOPEN_JOURNAL
dc.subject.enruminant nutrition
dc.subject.enalternative feedstuff
dc.subject.encashew apple
dc.subject.encashew pulp
dc.subject.ensustainability
dc.subtypeReviewArticle
dc.titleFrom Waste to Feed: Enhancing Sustainability in Ruminant Nutrition Through Cashew Apple Utilization – A Review
dc.typeJournalArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue4
oaire.citation.volume25
project.funder.namePublikację dofinansowano ze środków Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego w ramach Strategii Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu w latach 2024-2026 w zakresie doskonalenia badań naukowych i prac rozwojowych w priorytetowych obszarach badawczych oraz subwencja Wydział Medycyny Weterynaryjnej i Nauk o Zwierzętach