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Passive acoustic monitoring reveals seasonal patterns in European green toad calling activity but fails to accurately reflect population abundance

cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-3341-0933
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cris.virtualsource.author-orcid1f7c3a90-493f-47c8-a396-aab527605ee8
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dc.abstract.enAmphibians are among the most endangered groups of vertebrates worldwide; therefore, effective population monitoring is crucial for understanding the factors driving these unfavourable trends. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of fully automated passive acoustic monitoring in estimating the distribution and population size of the European green toad (Bufotes viridis)—an anuran species in which males vocalize intensively during the breeding season. We conducted visual counts with human observers, recorded the soundscape using autonomous sound recorders, applied automatic call detection, and calculated soundscape complexity using acoustic indices adjusted to the frequency range of European green toad vocalizations. Our algorithm generated a calling intensity index, which detected 36% of calls with 96% precision. The calling intensity index showed a significant correlation with the number of calls detected manually (r = 0.727). Additionally, we found moderate but significant correlations between acoustic indices (Acoustic Complexity Index and Bioacoustic Index) and both the manually and automatically detected call counts. The calling intensity index and acoustic indices did not significantly correlate with the number of males counted by human observer, but they reflected the phenological changes in species’ reproductive activity. Our study demonstrates that passive acoustic monitoring enables the assessment of presence and distribution of the European green toad, as well as daily and seasonal patterns in calling activity. However, due to the specific biology and ecology of the species, calling intensity alone is insufficient for accurately estimating male abundance.
dc.affiliationWydział Medycyny Weterynaryjnej i Nauk o Zwierzętach
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Zoologii
dc.contributor.authorKaczmarski, Mikołaj
dc.contributor.authorKaczmarek, Jan M.
dc.contributor.authorRadzińska, Agata
dc.contributor.authorBudka, Michał
dc.date.access2025-10-06
dc.date.accessioned2025-10-06T09:53:59Z
dc.date.available2025-10-06T09:53:59Z
dc.date.copyright2025-07-21
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.accesstimeat_publication
dc.description.bibliographyil., bibliogr.
dc.description.financepublication_nocost
dc.description.financecost0,00
dc.description.if3,9
dc.description.points140
dc.description.versionfinal_published
dc.description.volume15
dc.identifier.doi10.1038/s41598-025-11706-3
dc.identifier.issn2045-2322
dc.identifier.urihttps://sciencerep.up.poznan.pl/handle/item/5197
dc.identifier.weblinkhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-11706-3
dc.languageen
dc.pbn.affiliationbiological sciences
dc.relation.ispartofScientific Reports
dc.relation.pagesart. 26447
dc.rightsCC-BY-NC-ND
dc.sciencecloudnosend
dc.share.typeOPEN_JOURNAL
dc.subject.enacoustic indices
dc.subject.enamphibian abundance
dc.subject.enAnura
dc.subject.entoad calls
dc.subject.ensoundscape
dc.subject.enurban environment
dc.titlePassive acoustic monitoring reveals seasonal patterns in European green toad calling activity but fails to accurately reflect population abundance
dc.typeJournalArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue1
oaire.citation.volume15