Less power when more is needed. Climate-related current and possible future problems of the wind energy sector in Poland

Heat waves, combined with an increasing share of weather-dependent renewable energy sources, lead to disruptions in the operation of energy systems. This paper estimates how energy consumption in Poland changed during four heat waves (2010–2022). It also analyzes how often wind conditions may occur in the summer, that interrupt energy production by land-based wind farms. Moreover, authors are looking at future changes of climate indices responsible for increased energy consumption and possible reduction of energy production in wind farms. During the 2010 heatwave, the increase in energy consumption during the hottest days did not exceed 4 %. Later summer demand increased; in 2019, it was 8 % higher than during the 2015 heatwave. In 2016–2022, energy consumption at the average daily air temperature above 26 °C was over 8 % higher on working days than at 18 °C. Recently, even in regions with favorable wind conditions, the number of summer days with low wind speed (2 ms−1) exceeds 14. For Poland, the number of days with low wind speeds will increase by about ten. Therefore, the increasing demand for energy on hot days, combined with their more frequent occurrence, may have a negative impact on the stability of the energy system in the future.