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The Relationship between Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases and Total Drinking Water Hardness: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

cris.virtual.author-orcid#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0001-5204-2948
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-6085-4855
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-1453-0374
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-4486-3807
cris.virtual.author-orcid#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
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cris.virtualsource.author-orcid835cc2ca-88fb-4190-978e-bb8e93e4551b
cris.virtualsource.author-orcid20258df6-7058-4f33-9a7a-ab392117b6f3
cris.virtualsource.author-orcid917b05fe-6da6-4828-82f0-08b7c58485fd
cris.virtualsource.author-orcidc1aa65d7-2f46-4240-a968-97f1e10333c8
cris.virtualsource.author-orcid#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
dc.abstract.enBackground: Interest in water chemical activity, its content, and its impact on human health has greatly increased throughout the last decade. Some studies suggest that drinking water with high hardness may have preventative effects on cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to investigate the association between drinking water hardness and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Methods: The study selection process was designed to find the association between drinking water hardness and CVDs mortality. The search included both qualitative and quantitative research and was performed in three databases: Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), PubMed (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MA, USA), and Scopus (Elsevier, RELX Group plc, London, UK). The project was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), registration number: CRD42020213102. Results: Seventeen studies out of a total of twenty-five studies qualitatively analyzed indicated a significant relation between total water hardness and protection from CVD mortality. The quantitative analysis concluded that high drinking water hardness has a significantly lowering effect on mortality from CVDs, however, the heterogeneity was high. Conclusions: This systematic literature review shows that total water hardness could affect CVD prevention and mortality. Due to the many confounding factors in the studies, more research is needed.
dc.affiliationWydział Nauk o Żywności i Żywieniu
dc.affiliationWydział Inżynierii Środowiska i Inżynierii Mechanicznej
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Żywienia Człowieka i Dietetyki
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Inżynierii Wodnej i Sanitarnej
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Melioracji, Kształtowania Środowiska i Gospodarki Przestrzennej
dc.contributor.authorBykowska-Derda, Aleksandra
dc.contributor.authorSpychała, Marcin
dc.contributor.authorCzłapka-Matyasik, Magdalena
dc.contributor.authorSojka, Mariusz
dc.contributor.authorBykowski, Jerzy
dc.contributor.authorPtak, Mariusz
dc.date.access2025-06-23
dc.date.accessioned2025-09-30T12:42:40Z
dc.date.available2025-09-30T12:42:40Z
dc.date.copyright2023-08-29
dc.date.issued2023
dc.description.abstract<jats:p>Background: Interest in water chemical activity, its content, and its impact on human health has greatly increased throughout the last decade. Some studies suggest that drinking water with high hardness may have preventative effects on cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to investigate the association between drinking water hardness and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Methods: The study selection process was designed to find the association between drinking water hardness and CVDs mortality. The search included both qualitative and quantitative research and was performed in three databases: Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), PubMed (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MA, USA), and Scopus (Elsevier, RELX Group plc, London, UK). The project was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), registration number: CRD42020213102. Results: Seventeen studies out of a total of twenty-five studies qualitatively analyzed indicated a significant relation between total water hardness and protection from CVD mortality. The quantitative analysis concluded that high drinking water hardness has a significantly lowering effect on mortality from CVDs, however, the heterogeneity was high. Conclusions: This systematic literature review shows that total water hardness could affect CVD prevention and mortality. Due to the many confounding factors in the studies, more research is needed.</jats:p>
dc.description.accesstimeat_publication
dc.description.bibliographyil., bibliogr.
dc.description.financepublication_nocost
dc.description.financecost0,00
dc.description.if4,7
dc.description.number17
dc.description.points140
dc.description.versionfinal_published
dc.description.volume12
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/foods12173255
dc.identifier.issn2304-8158
dc.identifier.urihttps://sciencerep.up.poznan.pl/handle/item/5093
dc.identifier.weblinkhttps://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/17/3255
dc.languageen
dc.relation.ispartofFoods
dc.relation.pagesart. 3255
dc.rightsCC-BY
dc.sciencecloudnosend
dc.share.typeOPEN_JOURNAL
dc.subject.enwater hardness
dc.subject.enarterial sclerosis
dc.subject.enhypertension
dc.subject.enheart
dc.subtypeReviewArticle
dc.titleThe Relationship between Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases and Total Drinking Water Hardness: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
dc.typeJournalArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue17
oaire.citation.volume12