The role of minerals in ischaemic heart disease

This review focuses on analysing existing research to offer a comprehensive understanding of the complex role minerals play in the pathophysiology of ischaemia. By examining changes in mineral levels, we aim to uncover the mechanisms by which these elements influence the onset and severity of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Imbalances in key minerals (biologically active metal ions present in blood plasma and/or cells in dissolved form) such as calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese and copper have been closely associated with the onset and progression of IHD. Disrupted calcium and magnesium levels, particularly altered calcium/magnesium ratios, contribute to vascular calcification and elevated blood pressure. Deficiencies in magnesium have been linked to greater risks of arrhythmias and poorer outcomes following cardiac events. Additionally, abnormal zinc and copper levels, along with their ratio, affect oxidative balance and lipid metabolism, suggesting that proper mineral regulation is essential for cardiovascular protection and reducing IHD risk. Elevated manganese levels may contribute to oxidative damage, potentially increasing the risk of IHD. As a conclusion this review emphasizes the significant role of minerals in IHD, noting their potential to support pharmacological treatments by reducing oxidative stress and improving heart health. While minerals like magnesium and calcium show protective effects, excess iron and zinc may increase risk. Despite promising findings, further large-scale studies are needed to confirm their therapeutic value and to guide evidence-based dietary strategies for IHD management.