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Human Serum Betaine and Associated Biomarker Concentrations Following a 14 Day Supplemental Betaine Loading Protocol and during a 28 Day Washout Period: A Pilot Investigation

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cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0003-4570-7221
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-2045-0709
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dc.abstract.enSeveral previous investigations have employed betaine supplementation in randomized controlled crossover designs to assess its ostensible ergogenic potential. Nevertheless, prior methodology is predicated on limited pharmacokinetic data and an appropriate betaine-specific washout period is hitherto undescribed. The purpose of the present pilot investigation was therein to determine whether a 28 day washout period was sufficient to return serum betaine concentrations to baseline following a supplementation protocol. Five resistance-trained men (26 ± 6 y) supplemented with 6 g/day betaine anhydrous for 14 days and subsequently visited the lab 10 additional times during a 28 day washout period. Participants underwent venipuncture to assess serum betaine and several other parameters before (PRE) and periodically throughout the washout timeframe (POST0, -4, -7, -10, -13, -16, -19, -22, -25 and -28). All analyses were performed at a significance level of p < 0.05. While analyses failed to detect any differences in any other serum biomarker (p > 0.05), serum betaine was significantly elevated from PRE-to-POST0 (p = 0.047; 2.31 ± 1.05 to 11.1 ± 4.91 µg·mL−1) and was statistically indistinguishable from baseline at POST4 (p = 1.00). Nevertheless, visual data assessment and an inability to assess skeletal muscle concentrations would otherwise suggest that a more conservative 7 day washout period is sufficient to truly return both serum-and-skeletal muscle betaine content to pre-supplementation levels.
dc.affiliationWydział Nauk o Żywności i Żywieniu
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Żywienia Człowieka i Dietetyki
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Technologii Żywności Pochodzenia Roślinnego
dc.contributor.authorMachek, Steven B.
dc.contributor.authorZawieja, Emilia E.
dc.contributor.authorHeileson, Jeffery L.
dc.contributor.authorHarris, Dillon R.
dc.contributor.authorWilburn, Dylan T.
dc.contributor.authorFletcher, Emma A.
dc.contributor.authorCholewa, Jason M.
dc.contributor.authorSzwengiel, Artur
dc.contributor.authorChmurzyńska, Agata
dc.contributor.authorWilloughby, Darryn S.
dc.date.access2026-03-13
dc.date.accessioned2026-03-23T13:40:35Z
dc.date.available2026-03-23T13:40:35Z
dc.date.copyright2022-01-24
dc.date.issued2022
dc.description.abstract<jats:p>Several previous investigations have employed betaine supplementation in randomized controlled crossover designs to assess its ostensible ergogenic potential. Nevertheless, prior methodology is predicated on limited pharmacokinetic data and an appropriate betaine-specific washout period is hitherto undescribed. The purpose of the present pilot investigation was therein to determine whether a 28 day washout period was sufficient to return serum betaine concentrations to baseline following a supplementation protocol. Five resistance-trained men (26 ± 6 y) supplemented with 6 g/day betaine anhydrous for 14 days and subsequently visited the lab 10 additional times during a 28 day washout period. Participants underwent venipuncture to assess serum betaine and several other parameters before (PRE) and periodically throughout the washout timeframe (POST0, -4, -7, -10, -13, -16, -19, -22, -25 and -28). All analyses were performed at a significance level of p &lt; 0.05. While analyses failed to detect any differences in any other serum biomarker (p &gt; 0.05), serum betaine was significantly elevated from PRE-to-POST0 (p = 0.047; 2.31 ± 1.05 to 11.1 ± 4.91 µg·mL−1) and was statistically indistinguishable from baseline at POST4 (p = 1.00). Nevertheless, visual data assessment and an inability to assess skeletal muscle concentrations would otherwise suggest that a more conservative 7 day washout period is sufficient to truly return both serum-and-skeletal muscle betaine content to pre-supplementation levels.</jats:p>
dc.description.accesstimeat_publication
dc.description.bibliographyil., bibliogr.
dc.description.financepublication_nocost
dc.description.financecost0,00
dc.description.if5,9
dc.description.number3
dc.description.points140
dc.description.versionfinal_published
dc.description.volume14
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/nu14030498
dc.identifier.issn2072-6643
dc.identifier.urihttps://sciencerep.up.poznan.pl/handle/item/7888
dc.identifier.weblinkhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/3/498
dc.languageen
dc.relation.ispartofNutrients
dc.relation.pagesart. 498
dc.rightsCC-BY
dc.sciencecloudnosend
dc.share.typeOPEN_JOURNAL
dc.subject.enbetaine
dc.subject.entrimethylglycine
dc.subject.enwashout
dc.subject.enserum
dc.subject.enhomocysteine
dc.subject.eninsulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
dc.subject.engrowth hormone (GH)
dc.subject.enhematocrit
dc.subject.enintracellular water (ICW)
dc.subject.enextracellular water (ECW)
dc.titleHuman Serum Betaine and Associated Biomarker Concentrations Following a 14 Day Supplemental Betaine Loading Protocol and during a 28 Day Washout Period: A Pilot Investigation
dc.title.volumeSpecial Issue Dietary Supplements and Musculoskeletal Health and Function
dc.typeJournalArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue3
oaire.citation.volume14