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The usefulness of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in white stork censusing

cris.lastimport.scopus2025-10-23T06:54:37Z
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-4989-1524
cris.virtual.author-orcid0000-0002-1370-7625
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cris.virtualsource.author-orcida28cb160-17dc-454c-a01e-fa082e2acbf4
cris.virtualsource.author-orcid86de7053-c0cc-4a23-960c-fd3908659acc
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dc.abstract.enUnmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are effective and often noninvasive tools successfully used in bird monitoring. However, when handling long-term data in the context of population changes, the consistency of methods over time is essential as the method-related bias may lead to wrong conclusions. In two distinct populations of white stork Ciconia ciconia, in Poland and Spain, we compared two censusing methods: traditional observation by a human from the ground and using UAV. We recorded the number of recorded fledglings, the time needed to obtain this information, and the number of detected breeding pairs in colonies. We investigated 57 and 117 nests in Poland and Spain, respectively. In Poland and Spain, the number of fledglings was significantly lower when recorded by human observer than by UAV, i.e., 2.21 vs. 2.60 and 1.35 vs. 1.55. The probability of mistakenly recording the number of fledglings by the observer was significantly lower in colonial white storks in Spain than in solitary nesting in Poland. The mean time needed to record the number of fledglings was significantly longer when using a UAV than by a human observer in both populations. The mean number of detected nests in colonies in Spain differed significantly between the human observer and UAV, 13.1 vs. 7.4, respectively. The difference between human and UAV in recorded pairs was higher when colonies were on trees than on human-made structures. We conclude that introducing UAVs in long-term studies may affect the results and should be performed cautiously.
dc.affiliationWydział Medycyny Weterynaryjnej i Nauk o Zwierzętach
dc.affiliation.instituteKatedra Zoologii
dc.contributor.authorTobółka, Marcin
dc.contributor.authorAguirre, José I.
dc.contributor.authorDylewski, Łukasz
dc.contributor.authorLópez-García, Alejandro
dc.contributor.authorMartínez, Rodrigo Gimeno
dc.contributor.authorZbyryt, Adam
dc.date.access2025-06-17
dc.date.accessioned2025-09-22T12:41:02Z
dc.date.available2025-09-22T12:41:02Z
dc.date.copyright2023-06-15
dc.date.issued2023
dc.description.abstract<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are effective and often noninvasive tools successfully used in bird monitoring. However, when handling long-term data in the context of population changes, the consistency of methods over time is essential as the method-related bias may lead to wrong conclusions. In two distinct populations of white stork<jats:italic>Ciconia ciconia,</jats:italic>in Poland and Spain, we compared two censusing methods: traditional observation by a human from the ground and using UAV. We recorded the number of recorded fledglings, the time needed to obtain this information, and the number of detected breeding pairs in colonies. We investigated 57 and 117 nests in Poland and Spain, respectively. In Poland and Spain, the number of fledglings was significantly lower when recorded by human observer than by UAV, i.e., 2.21 vs. 2.60 and 1.35 vs. 1.55. The probability of mistakenly recording the number of fledglings by the observer was significantly lower in colonial white storks in Spain than in solitary nesting in Poland. The mean time needed to record the number of fledglings was significantly longer when using a UAV than by a human observer in both populations. The mean number of detected nests in colonies in Spain differed significantly between the human observer and UAV, 13.1 vs. 7.4, respectively. The difference between human and UAV in recorded pairs was higher when colonies were on trees than on human-made structures. We conclude that introducing UAVs in long-term studies may affect the results and should be performed cautiously.</jats:p>
dc.description.accesstimeat_publication
dc.description.bibliographyil., bibliogr.
dc.description.financepublication_nocost
dc.description.financecost0,00
dc.description.if1,8
dc.description.number4
dc.description.points70
dc.description.versionfinal_published
dc.description.volume69
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s10344-023-01697-9
dc.identifier.eissn1439-0574
dc.identifier.issn1612-4642
dc.identifier.urihttps://sciencerep.up.poznan.pl/handle/item/5035
dc.identifier.weblinkhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10344-023-01697-9
dc.languageen
dc.relation.ispartofEuropean Journal of Wildlife Research
dc.relation.pagesart. 67
dc.rightsCC-BY
dc.sciencecloudnosend
dc.share.typeOTHER
dc.subject.enCiconia ciconia
dc.subject.enlong-term monitoring
dc.subject.encolonial breeding
dc.subject.enwaterbirds
dc.subject.enfarmland birds
dc.titleThe usefulness of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in white stork censusing
dc.typeJournalArticle
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue4
oaire.citation.volume69