Filters
Tilt angle of wood dust
Tilt Angle of Wood Dust. The aim of this article is to point out a risk factor â wood dust, which settles on various structures, inclined surfaces in operation and, if not regularly cleaned, it is a source of secondary dust, because it is swirled up again with any movement. By measuring the tilt angle of bulk wood material obtained from sawing on a table circular saw, using different saw blades and wood dust from longitudinal and transverse sanding on a hand belt sander, we determined which characteristics affect it. We found that the size of the particles is an important characteristic, the larger they are, the smaller the tilt angle and also the surface of the pad on which the dust particles settle, wood did not play a significant role in this case. The smallest tilt angle was measured for sawdust from longitudinal sawing of 27, and the largest tilt angle for wood dust from transverse sanding of oak and was 57 on beech pad
Driftwood: A mini-review of current knowledge and research for furniture industry
With increasing industrialization, the environmental impact of human activitycontinues to grow, leading to greater waste production and a depletion of naturalresources. The search for alternative, sustainable materials has become a pressingpriority, particularly in industries like furniture manufacturing. Driftwood, anatural resource carried to oceanic and coastal areas by currents, ice, and waves,presents a unique opportunity in this context. Originating primarily from borealforests in Siberia and Russia, driftwood undergoes natural modifications due toprolonged exposure to seawater and Arctic ice, influencing its physical andmechanical properties. This paper investigates the origins, properties, andpotential applications of driftwood, emphasizing its role as a sustainable resourcefor industrial use. Driftwoodâs machinability, density, and structural integrity areanalyzed alongside its historical and modern applications, ranging fromconstruction and fuel in medieval Iceland to contemporary uses in art, furniture,and eco-friendly building materials. Additionally, innovative research exploringdriftwood-derived products such as thermo-acoustic panels and bricks highlightsits relevance to circular economy practices. The study concludes that whiledriftwood holds significant promise as an alternative material, challenges relatedto its structural properties and availability, exacerbated by climate change, requirefurther research. Nevertheless, integrating driftwood into industrial practicescould advance sustainability by reducing waste, preserving natural resources, andpromoting a transition to a circular economy
Design and comparison of a suitable dust separation technique during the machining process in a CNC machining center
Design and comparison of a suitable separation technique during the machining process in a CNC machining center. The paper deals with the issue of chip extraction from the milling process in a CNC machining center. The paper aimed to compare the particle size distribution of dust generated in the milling process of natural wood (beech, oak, and spruce) and MDF on a 5-axis CNC machining center. The particle size distribution was evaluated using sieve analysis of samples from the total weight of the captured dust. The results showed that the processing of natural wood is mainly characterized by the formation of coarse dust fractions (2 mm - 1 mm sieves), while the processing of MDF was associated with the formation of fine dust fractions with a size below 100 ÎŒm. Another of the objectives was to compare the separation values on the fractional separation curves of selected mechanical separators and filters with the size distribution of dust particles and to propose a suitable separation technique that meets the criteria of "best available technique" (BAT) in the processing of natural wood and MDF, as well as to point out the creation of and the production of harmful dust fractions, which arise mainly during the processing of MDF. We intended to assess whether the introduction of the given technology with the given material mix will also require modifications on the side of the extraction device.
The prospect of using retro timber in the furniture industry
The prospect of using retrowood in the furniture industry. To avoid over-consumption of natural resources, the idea of recycling or extending the life of wood-based materials is often considered in recent times.Therefore, it seems appropriate to conduct research aimed at studying the mechanical properties of retrowood and determining the possibility of its application. As part of a scientific study, surveys of old wooden residential buildings (ĐĐžĐșĐžŃĐžĐœĐ° et al., 2017) of the Russian North with a service life of 60â100 years and mechanical tests of both retrowood and freshly cut wood were carried out. Comparison of indicators of physical and mechanical properties of old wood and new wood material used in the manufacture of furniture with normative indicators of properties was made. Based on the research results, an assessment was made of the possibility of reusing retrowood in the production of furniture and interior elements. Well-preserved vintage wood from old wooden houses being demolished is a potential resource-saving raw material for making furniture, which is confirmed by testing the properties of this material. Based on the research results, the possibility of designing and manufacturing furniture and interior elements from retro wood is considered.
Development and characterization of novel particleboard panels manufactured from organic waste with fiberglass reinforcement
Characteristics of Three Bamboo Species and Their Potential as Raw Materials for Oriented Strand Board Production
Effect of Low-Thermal Treatment on the Particle Size Distribution in Wood Dust after Milling
The thermal treatment of wood can improve the appearance of the wood productâs surface, its dimensional stability, and resistance to fungal attacks. However, the heat treatment changes the technological properties of wood, making it a new engineering material. This work investigates the effect of the low-thermal treatment of birch wood (Betula pendula Roth.), European beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.), and alder wood (Alnus glutinosa L.) on the fine dust particles creation during woodworking. The samples of thermally treated wood with temperatures commonly used for the change of wood colour (105, 125, and 135 °C) were compared with reference samples made of natural wood. All 12 variants of the tested woods were milled using the 5-axis CNC machining center (20 mm diamond cutter, rotational speed 18,000 rev·minâ1, the depth of cut 3 mm, feed rates of 2, 4 and 6 mâminâ1). A sieving analysis method allowed measuring the dust particle size distributions in all dust samples. The experimentâs result analysis points out that wood type, thermal treatment, and feed rate meaningfully affect the size distribution of dust particles. Compared to birch wood and beech wood, the milling of alder wood samples created a much higher content of the finest dust particles, with particle sizes smaller than 0.032 mm. Increased temperatures in thermal treatment increase the share of fine dust particles with sizes smaller than 0.125 mm, compared to wood in its natural state. Milling with a lower feed rate (2 m·minâ1) creates finer dust than processing with higher feed rates (4 and 6 m·minâ1). Generally, the milling of alder in a natural or thermally treated state is a source of fine dust particles, particularly at low feed speed-rate milling, compared to birch and beech wood. In general, these results indicate that the low temperature thermal treatment parameters attribute new technological properties to all thermally modified types of wood tested.
The Flow Resistance of the Filter Bags in the Dust Collector Operating in the Line of Wood-Based Furniture Panels Edge Banding
The article describes the process of forming the wood dust filtration resistance generated during furniture production using the honeycomb board technology in a filtering installation operating in industrial conditions. The influence of the service life of the filter fabric on the filtration resistance values in industrial conditions for one installation and one type of filter fabric was analyzed. For this purpose, filter bags made of one type of filter material were used in an industrial filtering installation at four different times. The results were compared to those previously obtained at the same factory but with a different filter bag type. The analysis was based on the changes in the flow resistance of clean and dust-laden air through the filter fabric used at various times in the filtering installation of the narrow-surface treatment line in a furniture factory. This allowed for the determination of the dynamics and nature of changes in filtration resistance in industrial conditions for wood dust. The values of the dust resistance coefficient depend on the operating time and increased to the level of 20594 [sâ1] for material A and from 6412.031 [sâ1] to 10128.94 [sâ1] for material B. The dimensional characteristics of the filtered dust and the technological conditions under which it was generated were also described.
Fine dust after sanding untreated and thermally modified spruce, oak, and meranti wood
AbstractAirborne wood dust poses health and safety risks in the construction and furniture industry. The study verified whether the thermal modification affects the share of fine wood dust particles (<â10 ÎŒm) generated during spruce, oak, and meranti wood sanding. The experimental research involved nine material variants, including three wood species in three states: untreated, thermally modified at 160 °C, and thermally modified at 220 °C). To collect at least 200 g of each dust sample, a belt sander with P80 sandpaper and a belt speed of 10 m/s was used, along with a dust collector. The collected dust was then separated into fractions using a set of sieves with aperture sizes of 2000, 1000, 500, 250, and 125 ÎŒm. A laser particle sizer was employed to measure the sizes of dust particles in the under-sieve fraction (dust with particle sizes smaller than 125 ÎŒm). The under-sieve fraction was decomposed into three subfractions, with particle sizes: <2.5, 2.5-4.0, and 4.0â10 ÎŒm. Surprisingly the results indicate that sanding dust from thermally modified wood generates a lower average mass share of potentially harmful fine particle fractions than dust from untreated wood. Oak dust contained a higher mass share of fine particles compared to the spruce and meranti dust samples. Dust from thermally modified oak and meranti wood had a lower content of harmful particle fractions than dust from untreated wood. The average mass shares of these dust fractions for modified wood at 160 and 220 °C showed no statictically significant differences (pâ<â0.05). Conversely, spruce dust had a low content of fine fractions because spruce particles exhibit a more irregular elongated shape. The study considered the extreme temperatures of 160 and 220 °C used in the thermal modification of wood. Therefore, the above statements are assumed to be valid for all intermediate thermo-modification temperatures.
Sorption and diffusion properties of untreated and thermally modified beech wood dust
AbstractDynamic water vapor sorption experiments were carried out using beech wood dust (from untreated and thermally modified wood) of two-particle sizes, (<â25 and 80â250 ”m), obtained from abrasive sanding. Sorption isotherms were parameterized with the GAB and GDW models. Dust from thermally modified wood had significantly lower equilibrium moisture content compared to dust from untreated material, due to the reduction in primary sorption sites in treated material. The observed changes were quantified by the coefficients of the GAB and GDW models. Thermal modification and size of wood dust particles had no influence on binding energy of water molecules being linked to the secondary sorption sites. Water diffusivity decreased significantly with increasing moisture content, but only for monolayer sorption. For higher moisture content values, water diffusivity was practically independent of moisture content. These results were found for untreated and thermally modified material as well as for both dust size fractions. The influence of thermal modification on water diffusivity was unclear, which is attributed to the diffusion model, which represents dust particles as spheres and assumes instant hygroscopic equilibrium. Overall, this study indicates that the effectiveness of filtration processes likely depends strongly on sorption and diffusion properties of wood dust only at low moisture contents within the hygroscopic range.
The efficiency of the formatting and milling module of the technological line for door frames production
By introducing a new technological line for formatting and milling mass-customized door frames for wooden doors, PORTA KMI Poland with an industrial plant located in EĆk, Poland, conducted appropriate performance tests of the line to determine the production capacity during technological acceptance in order to check whether the assumed capacity was met before its technical acceptance takes place. The work describes how the processing time changes for frames with changed beam lengths from the reference length of 2028 mm to 2600 mm and for frames whose width has been increased from 127 and 147 mm to 500 mm. On this basis, an average time of 25.53 s was calculated for door frames with beams 2600 mm long and 28.1 s for door frames with a width of 500 mm. Efficiency was also calculated, which is 2.35 for frames with a changed beam length of 2.14.
Influence of Isocyanate Content and Hot-Pressing Temperatures on the PhysicalâMechanical Properties of Particleboard Bonded with a Hybrid UreaâFormaldehyde/Isocyanate Adhesive
Particleboard (PB) is mainly produced using ureaâformaldehyde (UF) adhesive. However, the low hydrolytic stability of UF leads to poor water resistance by the PB. This research aimed to analyze the effect of hot-pressing temperatures and the addition of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in UF adhesive on the physical and mechanical properties of PB. The first experiment focused on pressing temperature treatments including 130, 140, 150, and 160 °C. The particles were bonded using a combination of UF and MDI resin at a ratio of 70/30 (%w/w). Furthermore, the second experiment focused on UF/MDI ratio treatment, including 100/0, 85/15, 70/30, and 55/45 (%w/w), and the particles were pressed at 140°C. All of the single-layer particleboard in this research were produced in 250 Ă 250 mm, with a target thickness and density of 10 mm and 750 kg/m3, respectively. This research used 12% resin content based on oven-dry weight wood shaving. The pressing time and pressing pressure were determined to be 10 min and 2.5 N/mm2, respectively. Before the tests, the board was conditioned for 7 days. When studying the effect of treatment temperature, good physical properties (thickness swelling and water absorption) and mechanical properties (MOR and MOE) were obtained at 140 °C. However, no significant difference was observed in the UF/MDI ratio between 85/15 and 55/45 using the same temperature. The increase in the MDI adhesive ratio improves the MOE and MOR values. However, the internal bond was the contrary. This study suggests that a combination of UF/MDI at a ratio of 85/15 and hot-pressing temperature at 140 °C could produce a PB panel that meets a type 8 particleboard according to the JIS A5908-2003 standard and type P2 according to the EN 312-2010 standard.
Particles from Residue Wood-Based Materials from Door Production as an Alternative Raw Material for Production of Particleboard
Problems with the availability of particleboards are a challenge for constructors and production companies that use this material in the technology of their products. During the production process of technical door leaves, a significant amount of wood-based panel residues is created, which is a large base of potential raw material on an annual basis. Given the conceptual link between circular economy (CE) activities, resources, and waste management, efforts should be made to process and reuse them to produce new particleboards. The aim of the study was to determine the physical and hygienic properties of particles obtained from the grinding of lignocellulosic composites used in production. It was found that in terms of dimensions, density as well as formaldehyde content, they have the potential to be an alternative source of raw material for the production of particleboards. However, selecting the type of materials should be carried out, and in the future, the hygienic properties of the manufactured particleboards should be controlled.
Quantifying the finest particles in dust fractions created during the sanding of untreated and thermally modified beech wood
This article deals with the fractionation of wood dust by sieve after sanding. Dust from untreated beechwood was compared to dust from thermally modified beechwood (at 200 °C for 3 h). The authors hypothesized that the thermal modification changes the particle size distributions of the dust sieve fractions and that all the dust sieve fractions contain the finest particles, which are suspendable in the air and are potentially respirable. To obtain dust for testing, both wood materials were sanded with P120 paper at a belt speed of 14.5 m/s and a pressure of 0.65 N/cm2. A set of sieves with aperture sizes of 25, 80, and 250 ”m were used to separate the dust into sieve fractions with grain sizes less than 25 ”m, 25 to 80 ”m, 80 to 250 ”m, and greater than 250 ”m. The content of the finest particles in the fractions was measured via a laser particle sizer. Both dusts had similar particle size distributions. In addition, each investigated fraction of both dusts contained the finest particles, i.e., less than 10 ”m. It follows that the laser analysis method may be necessary to correctly assess the occupational risk at a sanding.
Efficiency of integrated technological modules in mass production processes of wooden door frames
Screw Withdrawal Resistance from WPC Profiles Used in Door Frame Production
This study investigates the screw withdrawal resistance (SWR) of hollow woodâplastic composite (WPC) door frames, which serve as moisture-resistant alternatives to traditional wood-based materials. The tested WPC, characterised by a density of 1.33 g/cm3 and a polymer-bound lignocellulosic filler, exhibits superior dimensional stability and low water absorptionâunder 4% after 24 h of immersion. The research focuses on how the unique chambered geometry of these industrial profiles affects the anchoring of 20 mm conical wood screws used to mount essential fittings such as hinges and lock catches. The SWR was determined using a universal testing machine in accordance with the modified EN 320 standards. Results indicate that the installation location within the profile significantly dictates load-bearing capacity: the band profile (lock catch) achieved an average SWR of 525.65 N, while the beam profile (hinge) averaged only 275.25 N. This performance gap arises because screws anchor only into internal âribsâ rather than the full material depth. Since these values are considerably lower than those of traditional particleboard (~1364â1775 N), the study highlights a critical need to optimise screw dimensions to ensure the structural stability and safety of hollow WPC door systems.
