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Badania nad zwiększeniem odporności żyta na sporysz i fuzariozę kłosów przez poznanie interakcji pasożyt-żywiciel-środowisko z wykorzystaniem źródeł odporności na Claviceps purpurea i grzyby rodzaju Fusarium
Using Genome-Wide Association Studies to Reveal DArTseq and SNP Loci Associated with Agronomic Traits and Yield in Maize
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized genetic research, enabling the massive, rapid, and relatively inexpensive analysis of the genomes, transcriptomes, and epigenomes of various organisms, including maize. Therefore, this paper uses NGS, association mapping, and physical mapping to identify candidate genes associated with yield structure traits and yield in maize (Zea mays L.). Furthermore, expression analysis of selected candidate genes was performed to confirm their contribution to yield formation. The plant material used for the study was 186 F1 hybrids and 20 reference genotypes (high-yielding and low-yielding). Field experiments were conducted simultaneously in two locations (in Smolice and Kobierzyce). NGS yielded a total of 45,876 molecular markers (24,437 SilicoDArT markers and 21,439 SNP markers) relevant to yield and crop structure. The largest number of markers in both localities (Smolice and Kobierzyce) was related to: the number of grain rows (6960), dry matter content after harvest (6616), the number of grains in a row (6721), mass of grain from the cob (6616), and cob length (6564). The smallest number of markers in both localities was related to yield (t ha−1) (1114) and yield from the plot (1237). To narrow down the number of markers for physical mapping, ten were selected from all the significant ones associated with the same traits in both localities (Kobierzyce and Smolice). Significant markers included eight silicoDArT markers (459199, 2447305, 4768759, 4579916, 4764335, 2448946, 2492509, 4774802) and two SNP markers (9692004, 5587791). These markers were used for physical mapping. These markers are located on chromosomes 7, 8, and 10. Some of these markers are located at a considerable distance from characterized genes or within uncharacterized genes. Two markers caught our attention: SNP 5587791 and silicoDArT 4774802. The first one is located on chromosome 8 inside exon 5 of the LOC100383455 U-box domain-containing protein 7 gene, the second marker is also located on chromosome 8 near (300 bp) the LOC103635953 putative WUSCHEL-related homeobox 2 protein gene. Our own research and literature reports indicate the usefulness of next-generation sequencing, association mapping, and physical mapping for identifying candidate genes associated with economically important traits in maize. Furthermore, two genes characterized in detail in the publication, LOC100383455 U-box domain-containing protein 7 gene and LOC103635953 putative WUSCHEL-related homeobox 2 protein gene, may be involved in processes related to maize yield.
Analysis of miRNA expression associated with gene Lr34 responsible for resistance mechanisms to wheat leaf rust
Transcriptomic Characterization of Candidate Genes for Fusarium Resistance in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Fusarium diseases are among the most dangerous fungal diseases of plants. To date, there are no plant protectants that completely prevent fusariosis. Current breeding trends are therefore focused on increasing genetic resistance. While global modern maize breeding relies on various molecular genetics techniques, they are useless without a precise characterization of genomic regions that determine plant physiological responses to fungi. The aim of this study was thus to characterize the expression of candidate genes that were previously reported by our team as harboring markers linked to fusarium resistance in maize. The plant material included one susceptible and four resistant varieties. Biotic stress was induced in adult plants by inoculation with fungal spores under controlled conditions. qRT-PCR was performed. The analysis focused on four genes that encode for GDSL esterase/lipase (LOC100273960), putrescine hydroxycinnamyltransferase (LOC103649226), peroxidase 72 (LOC100282124), and uncharacterized protein (LOC100501166). Their expression showed differences between analyzed time points and varieties, peaking at 6 hpi. The resistant varieties consistently showed higher levels of expression compared to the susceptible variety, indicating their stronger defense responses. Moreover, to better understand the function of these genes, their expression in various organs and tissues was also evaluated using publicly available transcriptomic data. Our results are consistent with literature reports that clearly indicate the involvement of these genes in the resistance response to fusarium. Thus, they further emphasize the high usefulness of the previously selected markers in breeding programs to select fusarium-resistant maize genotypes.
Badania nad zwiększeniem odporności żyta na sporysz i na fuzariozę kłosów przez poznanie interakcji pasożyt - żywiciel - środowisko z wykorzystaniem genetycznych źródeł odporności na Claviceps purpurea i grzyby rodzaju Fusarium
The influence of active metabolites from the decomposition of camelina and barley straw on the development of phytoplankton from eutrophic freshwater ecosystem
Author Correction: The influence of active metabolites from the decomposition of camelina and barley straw on the development of phytoplankton from eutrophic freshwater ecosystem
Enhancing Lettuce Drought Tolerance: The Role of Organic Acids in Photosynthesis and Oxidative Defense
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maleic acid (MA), salicylic acid (SA), and citric acid (CA) on alleviating the drought stress of a lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) hydroponic culture. The effect of these organic acids was tested under stress conditions induced by polyethene glycol (PEG 6000) at 5% and 7.5% concentrations. Drought stress reduced the fresh and dry matter yields of plants. The acid treatment caused increasing tendencies in the fresh weight yield:control (SA, MA), PEG 7.5% (SA, MA, CA)) and dry weight yield (control (SA, MA), PEG 5% (MA), PEG 7.5% (SA, MA)). The acid treatment also enhanced the nutrient uptake of stressed plants: SA: N (PEG 7.5%), K (PEG 5 and 7.5%); MA: N, P, K, Ca (PEG 5 and 7.5%). This work found that chlorophyll a and b amounts did not change under applied experimental conditions. Most parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence did not depend on either the level of applied water stress (PEG level) or the type of spraying. Drought stress increased leaf superoxide anion (O2•−) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels but decreased H2O2. Proline (Pro) and phenolic compounds (TFC), including flavonols (Fla), accumulated more in stressed plants. Drought stress also affected the chlorophyll fluorescence. Our results suggest that acids can improve plant tolerance to drought stress by boosting the antioxidant defence system and reducing the oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species.